VELOCITY PROFILES OF TURBULENT OPEN CHANNEL FLOWS

1 INTRODUCTIONThe vertical velocity profile of open channel flows is the most basic infOrmation for the stUdy of flowresistance, channel bed stability, river nuvial process and sediment transport. Although it has been asubject of great interest for many years, there does not exist a consensus on some perPlexing questions,such as the position of the theoretical bed level. In order to investigate the properties of velocity profile,data measured in open channel nows from eight sources were …     

Impact of wastewater discharge on the channel morphology of ephemeral streams

The impact of wastewater flow on the channel bed morphology was evaluated in four ephemeral streams in Israel and the Palestinian Territories: Nahal Og, Nahal Kidron, Nahal Qeult and Nahal Hebron. Channel changes before, during and after the halting of wastewater flow were monitored. The wastewater flow causes a shift from a dry ephemeral channel with intermittent floods to a continuous flow pattern similar to that of humid areas. Within a few months, nutrient‐rich wastewater flow leads to rapid development of vegetation along channel and bars. The colonization of part of the active channel by vegetation increases flow resistance as well as bank and bed stability, and limits sediment availability from bars and other sediment stores along the channels. In some cases the established vegetation covers the entire channel width and halts the transport of bed material along the channel. During low and medium size flood events, bars remain stable and the vegetation intact. Extreme events destroy the vegetation and activate the bars. The wastewater flow results in the development of new small bars, which are usually destroyed by flood flows. Due to the vegetation establishment, the active channel width decreases by up to 700 per cent. The deposition of fine sediment and organic material changed the sediment texture within the stable bar surface and the whole bed surface texture in Nahal Hebron. The recovery of Nahal Og after the halting of the wastewater flow was relatively fast; within two flood seasons the channel almost returned to pre‐wastewater characteristics. The results of the study could be used to indicate what would happen if wastewater flows were introduced along natural desert streams. Also, the results could be used to predict the consequences of vegetation removal as a result of human intervention within the active channel of humid streams. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

古河流废弃河道微相的精细描述

河流相储层的废弃河道微相,在侧向上对流体起隔挡作用。在油田深度开发阶段,是储层平面非均质性精细描述的关键、平面剩余油的重要影响因素。本文综合现代沉积、露头调查,描述其几何形态和规模,建立其概念模式。利用密井网测井曲线,阐述其平面和剖面上的分布特征、识别方法,建立了大庆油田泛滥平原废弃河道微相的静态模式。以该方法为基础,在进行储层综合预测和剩余油分析、发现高效井中成效显著。     

环形生态水槽流动的特性研究

实测了环形生态水槽内的流速分布。采用柱坐标系下的κ-ε湍流模型及SIMPLE算法,对该流场进行了数值模拟。从计算结果和实验资料的分析比较看出,计算结果可靠。在此流场内进行了钉螺的运动特点的实验研究,结果表明钉螺具有流速敏感性,对研究钉螺的随流扩散具有重要意义。     

钱塘江尖山河段北岸治江工程对环境影响分析

采用实测资料分析、数模计算和比尺模型试验等手段,研究比较尖山河段顺直和弯曲两种河势对钱塘江河口上游河床冲淤、潮汐、潮流、涌潮、盐水入侵等重要环境因子的差异.从钱塘江河口治理“减少进潮量、增大山潮水比值”的原则及多目标综合开发治理的目标和消除治理过程中已出现的不利因素考虑,应该采取弯曲河势更为有利.     

流动型态对曼宁糙率系数的影响研究

根据明渠水流流动型态的概念,通过对实验资料的分析,得到均匀流时糙率系数随水深增加而减小,形成M1型水面线的非均匀流时糙率系数随水深、水力坡度的增大而增大的规律。提出的糙率系数的二步计算法,可以解决因非均匀流水深沿程变化,难以建立糙率系数与水深关系的困难,为在水力计算中修正糙率系数提供了依据。     

技术流的动力机制、渠道与模式——以珠江三角洲为例

技术流是一个与人流，物流，信息流相并广泛使用的词汇，但学界极度缺乏对技术流概念，机制，渠道以及模式等基本理论的探讨。以珠江三角洲为例，通过城市，交易会，企业三个层次的多案例实主研究，提出了技术流的要领，技术流动力机制－深圳新二元结构，技术流的新型渠道－高交合的复合嵌套平台模式，以及企业间技术流模式与空间模式。     

A new conception on the formation of the first bend of Yangtze River: its relations with Eocene magmatic activities

Based on field observations, the author proposes a new understanding on the formation of the first bend of the Yangtze River. The relationship between the formation of the first bend of the Yangtze River and Eocene magmatic activity is expounded, suggesting that the first bend of the Yangtze River is the result from choking of the strong magmatic activity in Eocene. As a result, the upstream became a natural reservoir, whose riverside between Mt. Yulong and Mt. Haba was burst, guiding Jinshajiang River running eastward. At the same time, the drastic uplift of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau led to the deep dissection of the river cut down the channel, resulting in the formation of the Tiger Leaping Gorge. The magnitude of uplift in the study area (located in the eastern of the Tibetan Plateau) is calculated. Taking Mt. Yulong as a base, the magnitude of lift is 3,300 m from Eocene to Pliocene, adding 700 m since Pleistocene, totaling up to 4,000 m or so.     

Urban stream channel hazards

In managing urban stream channels there are pressures to use soft engineering techniques to restore channels wherever possible, to undertake management within a drainage basin context, to produce sustainable solutions and to consider community views. However, specific methods for characterizing the channel network in terms of possible management options have not been developed explicitly for urban areas. A method of characterizing the entire drainage network of urban areas, based upon segmentation of the stream channel network according to the incidence of road crossings and stormwater outfalls, is proposed together with consideration of ways in which the segments can be characterized, including stream channel hazards as a means of providing one basis for urban channel management.     

Using cosmogenic beryllium–7 as a tracer in sediment budget investigations

Recent advances in the use of the environmental radionuclides caesium–137 and unsupported lead–210 to quantify medium– and longer–term rates of erosion and sediment accumulation have proved of considerable value in catchment sediment budget investigations. However, there remains a need to explore the potential for using other shorter–lived radionuclides to provide evidence of sediment mobilisation, transport and storage over shorter timescales and particularly for individual events. This contribution reports the results of a study aimed at exploring the potential for using beryllium–7 (⁷Be, t _½= 53.3 days) to meet this requirement. The study investigated the use of ⁷Be as a sediment tracer in three key components of the sediment budget, namely, soil erosion and sediment mobilisation from slopes, the transport, storage and remobilisation of fine sediment in river channels and overbank deposition on river floodplains. The results presented clearly demonstrate the potential for using ⁷Be to obtain information on short–term and event–based sediment redistribution rates for use in catchment sediment budget investigations.