基于无人机光学图像的海流观测方法研究

海流信息在海上航行、海洋资源勘探等方面有着重要的应用,传统的现场和遥感观测方式不能满足大面积、实时观测海流的要求。基于无人机平台的光学海洋遥感技术具有机动灵活、成本低、分辨率高的特点,近年来在海洋环境监测中得到应用。然而,由于小型无人机容易受飞行姿态、太阳耀斑等因素的影响,目前在海流观测方面还不成熟。本文提出了利用小型无人机获取高分辨率海面流场的方法,并分析不同因素对观测结果的影响。首先,对无人机获取的光学海面图像做预处理,消除几何成像和图像噪声等因素的影响,并通过分析图像灰度值均值的变化,减小太阳耀斑对图像的影响;然后,基于三维傅里叶变换和海浪的频散关系反演海流,并将反演结果与浮标实测的海流数据进行对比,验证了该方法的可靠性。其次,结合实验数据详细分析了不同因素对海流反演的影响:在本文的实验条件下(有效波高0.2～1.5m,波浪主波周期3.8～5.7s),当图像空间分辨率为0.15m、反演子图尺寸在波浪主波波长的2～3倍时,海流的反演误差较小;增加图像幅数和提高时间分辨率也有利于提高海流的反演精度。现场观测实验的结果表明,本文提出的无人机观测海流技术可以有效获取海流信息。     

面向带电作业的手臂末端输出力评估方法

为了解决带电作业时手臂末端输出力的准确控制,提出一种基于表面肌电信号（sEMG信号）和支持向量机回归（SVR）实现对手臂末端施力的评估方法.通过手握机械手臂末端的手柄,做往复推拉运动,记录此时手柄处的力传感器的数据F,同时利用3组肌电信号传感器同步采集手臂的肌电信号.将肌电信号提取特征后,与力F组合成样本集合S,在样本集合中随机抽取50%的样本数据作为训练集,分别训练BP神经网络、GRNN神经网络以及SVR神经网络.最后用训练好的神经网络对整个样本集中的力F进行预测,并用均方根误差和相关系数评估模型的预测效果.结果显示,SVR神经网络的预测效果较好,其均方根误差为3.074 0,相关系数为0.951 7.     

新疆西克尔地区下奥陶统鹰山组岩溶分带性研究

塔里木盆地岩溶缝洞型储层作为重要的油气储层备受关注,而目前预测此类型储层的方法较有限。在新疆伽什县西克尔野外露头区地表岩溶现象丰富,志留系地层以填平补齐的方式充填在一系列的溶沟和溶槽中,部分洼地中还有志留系地层残留,表明该区发育加里东中期岩溶。在本区岩溶古地貌的基础上,基于排泄基准面的分析,划分出3级岩溶台面并对应发育3期岩溶。据现代地貌学和岩溶学理论,按照水动力条件的不同并结合本区岩溶发育特征,运用岩溶旋回的观点将第二期岩溶剖面分为表层岩溶带、垂直渗滤带和水平潜流带,认识到西克尔地区古岩溶地下水发育规律及洞穴发育程度。构造运动是垂向岩溶分带性的主控因素;因此,在大的构造背景的前提下,可以有效地预测巴楚地区的缝洞型储层。     

地表潮汐应变观测的响应比及特征

运用非线性系统加卸载响应比理论，研究了潮汐应变观测的响应比特征，解决了响应比理论应用中的两个基础问题：加、卸载荷的计算和潮汐前兆观测中加卸载响应比的计算模型选择潮汐应变观测中的一些潮汐和非潮汐的以及与孕震力学过程有关的信息为响应参量，在不同的加、卸载方式下对各种响应比的震兆变化及特征进行研究，研究结果表明，加卸载响应比只在非线性系统的输入与系统的失稳密切相关时，才显示出失稳的前兆特征，且主要表现为短临前兆。     

无人船运动控制方法综述

为实现无人船海上自主作业,无人船运动控制的快速性、准确性以及鲁棒性亟待提高。首先从全驱动控制和欠驱动控制角度,分别概括了国内外无人船航向控制、航速控制、轨迹跟踪控制以及路径跟踪控制的主流控制方法。其次,归纳总结了处理海洋环境不确定扰动的研究进展,包括扰动的建模和消除、抑制扰动的主流方法。最后,总结了无人船运动控制现状与存在的问题,并从工程应用和理论研究两个角度对未来的研究方向进行了展望。     

Water level variations in the Neuse and Pamlico Estuaries,North Carolina due to local and remote forcing

Water level time series records from the Neuse and Pamlico River Estuaries were statistically compared to local and distant wind field data, water level records within the Pamlico Sound and also coastal ocean sites to determine the relative contribution of each time series to water levels in the Neuse and Pamlico Estuaries. The objectives of this study were to examine these time series data using various statistical methods (i.e. autoregressive, empirical orthogonal function analysis (EOF), exploratory data analysis (EDA)) to determine short- and long-time-scale variability, and to develop predictive statistical models that can be used to estimate past water level fluctuations in both the Neuse Estuary (NE) and Pamlico Estuary (PE). Short- and long-time-scale similarities were observed in all time series of estuarine, Pamlico Sound and subtidal coastal ocean water level and wind component data, due to events (nor'easters, fronts and tropical systems) and seasonality. Empirical orthogonal function analyses revealed a strong coastal ocean and wind field contribution to water level in the NE and PE. Approximately 95% of the variation was captured in the first two EOF components for water level data from the NE, sound and coastal ocean, and 70% for the PE, sound and coastal ocean. Spectral density plots revealed strong diurnal signals in both wind and water level data, and a strong cross correlation and coherency between the NE water level and the North/South wind component. There was good agreement between data and predictions using autoregressive statistical models for the NE (R² = 0.92) and PE (R² = 0.76). These methods also revealed significant autoregressive lags for the NE (days 1 and 3) and for the PE (days 1, 2 and 3). Significant departures from predictions are attributed to local meteorological and hydrological events. The autoregressive techniques showed significant predictive improvement over ordinary least squares methods. The results are considered within the context of providing long time-scale hindcast data for the two estuaries, and the importance of these data for multidisciplinary researchers and managers.     

基于GIS的机场多跑道三维净空管理系统的研究与开发

在研究和建立了多跑道障碍物限制面三维模型的基础上,基于G IS,开发了机场三维净空管理系统。该系统可按照相应标准自动生成单跑道特别是多跑道障碍物限制面、辅助进行净空管理,可极大地减少机场选址与规划中的超障物评定的工作量,显著提高净空管理效率,具有广阔的应用前景。     

A Case Study on the Effects of Heterogeneous Soil Moisture on Mesoscale Boundary-Layer Structure in the Southern Great Plains, U.S.A. Part II: Mesoscale Modelling

The importance of soil moisture inputs and improved model physics in the prediction of the daytime boundary-layer structure during the Southern Great Plains Hydrology Experiment 1997 (SGP97) is investigated using the non-hydrostatic fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University/National Center for Atmospheric Research (PSU/NCAR) Mesoscale Model MM5. This is Part II of a two-part study examining the relationship of surface heterogeneity to observed boundary-layer structure. Part I focuses on observations and utilizes a simple model while Part II uses observations and MM5 modelling. Soil moisture inputs tested include a lookup table based on soil type and season, output from an offline land-surface model (LSM) forced by atmospheric observations, and high-resolution ( 800 m) airborne microwave remotely sensed data. Model physics improvements are investigated by comparing an LSM directly coupled with the MM5 to a simpler force-restore method at the surface. The scale of land surface heterogeneities is compared to the scale of their effects on boundary-layer structure.The use of more detailed soil moisture fields allowed the MM5 to better represent the large-scale (hundreds of km) and small-scale (tens of km) horizontal gradients in surface-layer weather and, to a lesser degree, the atmospheric boundary-layer (ABL) height, which was evaluated against observations measured by differential absorption lidar (DIAL). The benefits of coupling an LSM to the MM5 were not readily evident in this summertime case, with the model having particular difficulty simulating the timing of maximum surface fluxes while underestimating the depth of the mixed layer.     

青藏高原前期冬春季地面热源与我国夏季降水关系的初步分析

首先对青藏高原地表热通量再分析资料与自动气象站(AWS)实测资料进行对比, 结果表明: 相对于美国国家环境预报中心和国家大气中心20世纪90年代研制的NCEP/NCAR(Kalnay 等1996)和NCEP/DOE (Kanamitsu 等2002) 再分析资料, ECMWF(Uppala 等2004)资料在高原地区的地表热通量具有较好的代表性。进一步利用奇异值分解(SVD)方法分析了ECMWF资料反映的高原地面热源与我国夏季降水的关系, 发现前期青藏高原主体的冬季地面热源与长江中下游地区夏季降水量呈负相关, 与华北和东南沿海地区的夏季降水量呈正相关。而长江中下游地区夏季降水量还与春季高原南部的地面热源存在负相关、与高原北部的地面热源存在正相关。高原冬、春季地面热源场的变化是影响我国夏季降水的重要因子。     

南极半岛东北海域表层沉积有机质来源及其沉积环境

采用气相色谱-质谱技术对南极半岛东北海域海底表层沉积物的总有机碳、有机质碳同位素(δ13 Corg)和生物标志化合物等进行了测试分析。研究区表层沉积物总有机碳TOC平均值高于现代深海沉积物中的平均含量。δ13 Corg的变化说明该海域有机碳来源呈海洋水生生物来源和陆源混合的特征。正构烷烃的峰型分布、主峰碳、饱和烃轻重比C-21/C+22和(C21+C22)/(C28+C29)、甾烷组合和藿烷组合证实研究区西部表层沉积物有机质来源以陆源高等植物为主,其陆源可能来自于附近的南极半岛和南舍得兰群岛;研究区东部表层沉积物有机质来源偏以海源为主,且以低等浮游生物、藻类及细菌生物等海源输入为主。碳优势指数(Carbon preference index,CPI)、奇偶优势指数(Odd-even Predominance,OEP)和甾烷C29ααα20S/(20S+20R)比值显示研究区D1-7站位和D5-9沉积物有机质演化程度较高,D5-2和D2-4站位的有机质演化程度低,其他站位介于中间状态。饱和烃中姥鲛烷、植烷及其比值(Pr/Ph)等组合显示研究区西部以氧化-弱还原的沉积环境为主,其可能是受高温低盐别林斯高晋海水流和附近火山喷发的影响所致;研究区东部以还原—强还原沉积环境为主,可能是受低温高盐的威德尔底层水(WSBW)和威德尔海深层水(WSDW)影响所致。