一种改进的基于连接成功率的P2P识别方法

近年来,随着P2P软件的增长,P2P的运行机制也变得多种多样。依靠单一的检测方法已经很难准确区分P2P流量和正常流量,而越来越多的加密P2P协议也给检测带来了极大的挑战。因此,文中首先讨论“Connection ResponsedSuccess Rate“方法,该方法通过流量分析中的连接特征来识别已知和未知的P2P流量。然后,对该方法的优缺点进行分析,指出其不足之处并对此加以改进。通过核密度估计对结果进行处理,辅以“双向传输流“方法弥补其检测的不足,以提高该方法的识别精度。最后,通过对实际采集到的网络流量进行分析,以验证所提出方法的准确性。     

CSEM technology as a value driver for hydrocarbon exploration

The use of the controlled source electromagnetic (CSEM) method as a risk reduction tool in marine hydrocarbon exploration is gaining increased acceptance in the oil industry. This is related to the ability to map resistivity contrasts in the sub-surface and thus aid the detection of hydrocarbons which are typically more resistive than surrounding rocks. Whereas acoustic (seismic) energy allows for mapping sub-surface structures that may contain hydrocarbons, electromagnetic (EM) energy can often say something about the fluids contained within the structures. Numerous successful CSEM case stories have been published over the past several years. However, there are also quite a few stories about “failure”-cases, although not well documented in the literature. Such “failure”-cases may reflect the lack of understanding of the CSEM technology and how CSEM data can act as a value driver. In order to understand this, it is necessary to handle uncertainties and decisions associated with the technology, These include geological uncertainties, noise models, survey designs, forward modelling parameters, inversion/migration parameters and pre-processing of real data. A proper handling of these uncertainties and decisions will aid in defining and constraining the chance of geologic success and geologic-success-case net present value for prospects prior to drilling wells. As such, the CSEM technology has a significant potential to increase exploration efficiency, if applied correctly.     

Probability-based seismic reliability assessment method for substation systems

Power systems play a key role in emergency rescue after an earthquake. Substations are among the most important components of a power system, so it is necessary to study their seismic reliability after an earthquake. Most studies, however, have focused on the seismic behavior of major electrical equipment or the reliability of the substation under ordinary operational conditions. The seismic reliability of substations as a system has not been thoroughly studied. This study proposes a new probability-based method to evaluate the seismic reliability of complex engineering systems such as substations. The proposed method developed the state tree to construct a greatly simplified system model that enables the failure probability to be calculated for the whole system, with explicit consideration of correlations among various components. A typical 220/110/10-kV substation was studied with this method, and the most critical components were identified.     

Why are hatching and emergence success low? Mercury and selenium concentrations in nesting leatherback sea turtles (Dermochelys coriacea) and their young in Florida

Leatherback sea turtles (Dermochelys coriacea) have low hatching and emergence success compared to other sea turtle species. Postmortem examinations of hatchlings showed degeneration of heart and skeletal muscle that was similar to that found in other neonates with selenium deficient mothers. Selenium deficiency can result from elevated concentrations of bodily mercury. Ingested mercury is detoxified by the liver through mercury-selenium compound formation. In animals persistently exposed to mercury, the liver’s ability to detoxify this element may decrease, especially if dietary selenium is insufficient. We measured mercury and selenium concentrations in nesting female leatherbacks and their hatchlings from Florida and compared the levels to hatching and emergence success. Both liver selenium and the liver selenium-to-mercury ratio positively correlated with leatherback hatching and emergence success. This study provides the first evidence for the roles of mercury and selenium in explaining low reproductive success in a globally imperiled species, the leatherback sea turtle.     

Flower orientation in Pachycereus weberi (Cactaceae): Effects on ovule production, seed production and seed weight

Few studies have determined the importance of orientation on flower reproductive success. Flower orientation may affect reproduction of Cactaceae; the interception of photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) differs along the different sides of cacti stems, and translocation of resources between cacti ribs does not appear to occur. Therefore, PAR received by each cacti stem face may determine the resources available for reproduction. We examined the reproductive success of Pachycereus weberi flowers with contrasting orientations. Ovule production per ovary, number of seeds per fruit, seed set per fruit and seed weight were used as indicators of reproductive success for flowers facing southeast and northeast. PAR received on opposite stem sides was recorded as an estimator of resource availability for each side. Results showed that flowers facing southwards produced more ovules and seeds and produced heavier seeds. Seed set was not significantly different between flowers with contrasting orientations. The southern stem faces received more PAR than the northern faces. Reproductive success was different for flowers with contrasting orientations, suggesting that there is an association between PAR received on different P. weberi stem faces and floral reproductive success.     

Effect of parental hypoxic exposure on embryonic development of the offspring of two serpulid polychaetes: Implication for transgenerational epigenetic effect

Sperm production and motility, fecundity, and egg size, complexity and viability of serpulid polychaetes Hydroides elegans and Hydroides diramphus after 2-week treatment to hypoxia (2 mg O₂ l⁻¹) was compared with those under normoxia (6 mg O₂ l⁻¹). Despite reduced fecundity, the effect of parental hypoxic exposure on gamete quality was not discernible for both species. However, regardless of their subsequent dissolved oxygen environment, eggs spawned by H. elegans after hypoxic exposure were found to have lower fertilization success, slower embryonic development and a significantly higher yield of malformed embryos than those with a parental normoxic treatment. In contrast, neither fertilization success nor rate of embryonic development was affected for H. diramphus. The results implied that hypoxia was a potential stress reducing the recruitment of H. elegans through non-adaptive epigenetic effect, whereas H. diramphus was a more tolerant species to survive hypoxic events.     

Nest site characteristics and nesting success of the Western Burrowing Owl in the eastern Mojave Desert

We evaluated nest site selection at two spatial scales (microsite, territory) and reproductive success of Western Burrowing Owls (Athene cunicularia hypugaea) at three spatial scales (microsite, territory, landscape) in the eastern Mojave Desert. We used binary logistic regression within an information-theoretic approach to assess factors influencing nest site choice and nesting success. Microsite-scale variables favored by owls included burrows excavated by desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii), burrows with a large mound of excavated soil at the entrance, and a greater number of satellite burrows within 5 m of the nest burrow. At the territory scale, owls preferred patches with greater cover of creosote bush (Larrea tridentata) within 50 m of the nest burrow. An interaction between the presence or absence of a calcic soil horizon layer over the top of the burrow (microsite) and the number of burrows within 50 m (territory) influenced nest site choice. Nesting success was influenced by a greater number of burrows within 5 m of the nest burrow. Total cool season precipitation was a predictor of nesting success at the landscape scale. Conservation strategies can rely on management of habitat for favored and productive nesting sites for this declining species.     

Perspectives for Hamburg as a port city in the context of a changing global environment

During recent decades, most European river-port cities and also many seaport cities have undergone a major transition towards a service-centred, rather than industrially-based metropolis, offering a high quality urban environment with a revitalised waterfront. Hamburg is one of the few river-port cities that have chosen the course of port expansion instead. This paper discusses the consequences of current global technological, organisational and economic developments for the port. Changing requirements imply rising monetary and land-use costs and environmental and social impacts, and also entail the risk that the port may not be able to fulfil new requirements and could thus lose market shares to coastal competitors. More importantly, the world-wide economic shift towards the service sector has affected port-dependent jobs in two ways: Directly port-dependent jobs have been reduced to a fraction, while many indirectly port-dependent jobs no longer require physical proximity of the port. Those benefits that continue to arise tend to spread over a much larger geographical region, while the port’s costs remain locally concentrated. Given the increasing competition between world-wide metropolitan regions that seek to establish themselves in new sectors and attract a qualified workforce, it is particularly relevant for Hamburg to account for these changes and to incorporate an assessment of the port’s changing costs and benefits into planning processes. To date, this task has received little attention from the city.     

Recent trends in numbers of four species of penguins at the Prince Edward Islands

Four species of penguin breed regularly at South Africa's Prince Edward Islands: king penguin Aptenodytes patagonicus, gentoo penguin Pygoscelis papua, macaroni penguin Eudyptes chrysolophus and southern rockhopper penguin E. chrysocome. In December 2008, it was estimated that some 65 000 pairs of king penguins were incubating eggs at Marion Island, the larger of the two islands in the group, and 2 000 pairs at Prince Edward Island. At Marion Island from 1987 to 2008, there was no long-term trend in numbers of king penguin chicks that survived to the end of the winter period, but there was considerable fluctuation in chick production in the 1990s. It was roughly estimated that on average 88% of king penguin chicks survived the winter period (from April to September/October). Numbers of gentoo penguins at Marion Island decreased from more than 1 300 pairs in the mid-1990s to fewer than 800 pairs in 2003, and then increased to almost 1 100 pairs in 2008 as breeding success improved. Between 1994/1995 and 2008/2009, numbers of macaroni and southern rockhopper penguins at Marion Island decreased by about 30% and 70% respectively. In 2008/2009, some 290 000 pairs of macaroni penguins bred at this island, mostly in two large colonies where there was a progressive decrease in the density of nests. At both these colonies, decreases in numbers breeding followed outbreaks of disease. Inadequate breeding success has influenced the decreases of macaroni and rockhopper penguins. In 2008/2009, some 42 000 pairs of southern rockhopper penguins bred at Marion Island and 12 000 pairs of macaroni penguins and 38 000 pairs of southern rockhopper penguins at Prince Edward Island.