Rare Earth Elements as an Indicator to Origins of Skarn Deposits: Examples of the Kamioka Zn-Pb and Yoshiwara-Sannotake Cu(–Fe) Deposits in Japan

Abstract: Systematic data of rare earth elements (REEs) are presented in order to put some constraints on the origin of hydrothermal fluids responsible for two contrastive skarn deposits in Japan; the Kamioka Zn-Pb and Yoshiwara-Sannotake Cu(-Fe) deposits. Carbon and oxygen isotopic studies have demonstrated that the hydrothermal fluids responsible for the Kamioka Zn-Pb deposits are of meteoric water origin whereas those for the Yoshiwara-Sannotake Cu(-Fe) deposits are of magmatic water origin. The REE abundances of epidote skarn derived from aluminous rocks, garnet and clinopyroxene in calcic exoskarn derived from limestone, and interstitial calcite associated with sulfide minerals were determined for these contrastive skarn deposits by inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). A significant difference in the REE concentrations is not found between epidote skarn and aluminous original rock (plagioclase-clinopyroxene rock, called Inishi rock) from the Kamioka Zn-Pb deposits, indicating that the REEs are generally immobile during the formation of epidote skarn, and that the REE concentrations of the hydrothermal fluid are considerably low relative to the aluminous original rock. In contrast, the epidote skarn exhibits enrichment of Eu with increasing total REE concentrations relative to the aluminous original rock (quartz diorite) in the Yoshiwara-Sannotake Cu(-Fe) deposits, implying a contribution of magmatic fluid derived from granitoids during the skarn formation. Limestone generally has much lower REE concentrations related to surrounding aluminous rocks, and thus the REE concentrations of garnet and clinopyroxene in calcic exoskarn, originated from limestone, are variable due to the interaction with the hydrothermal fluids. The chondrite-normalized REE patterns of garnet, clinopyroxene, and interstitial calcite exactly provide useful information on origins of hydrothermal fluids. The REE patterns of these minerals from the Kamioka Zn-Pb deposits show lower (Pr/Yb)cn ratios, and negative Ce and Eu anomalies inherited from limestone with the decrease of This suggests that the hydrothermal fluids responsible for the Kamioka Zn-Pb deposits were depleted in REEs, and were not magmatic water in origin, but presumably meteoric one. In striking contrast, the REE patterns of exoskarn minerals and calcite from the Yoshiwara-Sannotake Cu(-Fe) deposits exhibit a positive Eu anomaly, and high (Pr/Yb)cn ratios with the considerable increase of σREE and the disappearance of negative Ce anomaly, implying that the fluids were dominantly of magmatic origin. The REE indices are very likely to be an excellent indicator to origins of the skarn deposits.     

Interaction of Linear Waves with Infinitely Long Horizontal Cylinders Studied by Boundary Element Method

The two-dimensional problems concerning the interaction of linear water waves with cylinders of arbitrary shape in two-layer deep water are investigated by use of the Boundary Integral Equation Method (BIEM). Simpler new expressions for the Green functions are derived, and verified by comparison of results obtained by BIEM with those by an analytical method. Examined are the radiation and scattering of linear waves by two typical configurations of cylinders in two-layer deep water. Hydrodynamic behaviors including hydrodynamic coefficients, wave forces, reflection and transmission coefficients and energies are analyzed in detail, and some interesting physical phenomena are observed.     

1997/1998厄尔尼诺的发生与发展

厄尔尼诺现象是大尺度海气相互作用过程而引起的异常变化.由于伴随着厄尔尼诺的发生往往出现全球范围的气候异常,因此厄尔尼诺的诊断和预测引起了海洋学家和气象学家的密切注意.为了建立和改善厄尔尼诺的预报模式,寻求可供厄尔尼诺预报使用的预报因子和诊断厄尔尼诺发生与发展的物理条件是科学工作者面临的重大挑战.长期以来,为了选取那些具有明显的物理意义、预报提前量足够大的物理量,及早地诊断厄尔尼诺的发生、发展和消衰,海洋和气象学界付出了不懈的努力.例如,各种厄尔尼诺和南方涛动指数及反映全球气候异常的指标等都是这种努力的结果.回顾既往发生的厄尔尼诺过程,虽然有其共同的一面,但具体个例之间却又不尽相同.     

对河台金矿成矿作用的新构想

通过分析区域成矿作用背景及河台地区加里东-燕山期成矿物质活化、迁移、富集、沉淀条件,认为燕山期华南地幔柱活动对河台金矿的形成起到关键作用,深源流体携带的大量成矿物质是金的主要来源,地幔柱构造、深大断裂、深部构造及韧性剪切带-韧脆性构造构成了完善的金的运移和再富集成矿体系。河台地区在燕山期具备了发生大规模成矿作用的主要条件。     

海底泥流冲击悬跨管道拖曳力系数分析

海底滑坡是海洋油气工程最危险的地质灾害之一,直接影响海底管线运营安全。滑坡体失稳滑动过程中,由于海水掺和作用逐渐加速转变成快速滑动泥流,冲击海底悬跨管道。基于当前国际通用的计算流体动力学(CFD)方法,采用赫巴模型描述快速滑动泥流,计算分析海底滑坡冲击悬跨管道的受力特性,重点分析悬跨高度对管道法向拖曳力系数的影响。研究发现,管道法向拖曳力系数随悬跨高度的增长而增大,当达到某一悬跨高度时,管道拖曳力系数保持稳定。     

金铜在气相中的迁移实验及矿石的成因

文章报道了金属在高温高压气相的迁移实验研究,并阐明气相中迁移金属的成矿作用。实验是使含金属的流体在高温、高压的超临界态条件下通过相分离装置,在减低温度压力下实现气液相分离过程,收集气液相分离物,研究金属在气、液两相里的再分配。含金属(如金、铜)的NaHCO3-HCl-H2O流体在250~300℃的相分离过程实验结果表明:金属可以分布到气相里。根据金铜流体的实验结果,结合矿床调查,推测金属可以在地球深部以气体形式迁移。含金属的CO2-HCl-NaCl流体(气相)可以携带金属(金、铜),从岩石圈深部运输到地壳,甚至地表。金铜矿床矿石的形成过程中气体迁移金属起着重要作用。     

Basin Fluid Mineralization during Multistage Evolution of the Lanping Sedimentary Basin, Southwestern China

The Lanping sedimentary basin has experienced a five-stage evolution since the late Paleozoic: ocean-continent transformation (late Paleozoic to early mid-Triassic); intracontinental rift basin (late mid-Triassic to early Jurassic); down-warped basin (middle to late Jurassic); foreland basin (Cretaceous); and strike-slip basin (Cenozoic). Three major genetic types of Ag-Cu polymetallic ore deposits, including the reworked hydrothermal sedimentary, sedimentary-hydrothermally reworked and hydrothermal vein types, are considered to be the products of basin fluid activity at specific sedimentary-tectonic evolutionary stages. Tectonic differences of the different evolutionary stages resulted in considerable discrepancy in the mechanisms of formation-transportation, migration direction and emplacement processes of the basin fluids, thus causing differences in mineralization styles as well as in genetic types of ore deposit.     

雅浦-马里亚纳海沟连接区深层流季节内变异的特征和机制

雅浦-马里亚纳海沟连接区东深水通道是太平洋深层经向翻转环流携带南极绕极水进入西太平洋的首要入口。基于高分辨率的再分析数值模型结果,研究发现该通道深层流速和温度具有显著的40～90d周期的季节内变异,且季节内变异强度随深度的增加而增加,进一步研究揭示地形罗斯贝波(topographicRossbywaves,TRW)是引起上述季节内变异的主要原因,TRW波解可以解释深层流和温度季节内振幅的垂向变化。通过建立全水体的动力关联研究发现TRW在不同时刻具有不同的能量来源,首先次表层强涡旋经过时可以通过位涡守恒激发深层的TRW;第二,大洋中层存在的强涡旋也可激发深层的TRW;第三,深层平均流可以主要通过正压不稳定过程向季节内TRW提供能量。     

基于4种技术方法的地下流体资料预报效能探讨

分别采用阈值法、速率变化法、趋势转折法和破年变法4种方法,对昭通地区全部地下流体观测资料进行预报效能R值定量计算。针对预报效能较好的测项,依据异常特征和水化学特征,并结合已有研究成果,对这些异常产生的孕震机理进行讨论。结果表明,昭通地区大多数流体异常的最佳预测时段在3个月以内,尤其是速率类异常和趋势转折类异常在出现转折后,具有较好的短临预测意义;11个测项的预报效能R>R₀,可作为滇东北地区日常跟踪的重点测项;推断认为大多数异常属于大气降水产生的流体力作用诱发的浅层前兆异常。     

吉林省西部湖泊地带苏打盐渍土溶陷性

吉林省西部苏打盐渍土的溶陷性是该地区河湖连通工程无衬砌渠道的主要工程问题之一,研究苏打盐渍土溶陷特性可为渠道溶陷防治提供依据。以乾安县内湖泊规划渠道经过的盐渍土区为研究对象,通过原状土的室内溶陷试验,得到了苏打盐渍土溶陷系数随压力变化的规律,分析了深度150 cm以上土壤溶陷系数随深度变化的关系。结果表明：苏打盐渍土在200 kPa的压力下,首次遇水时产生最大的溶陷变形量,溶陷系数最大,溶陷性最强,随着压力增大,溶陷系数降低;深度30 cm以上和120 cm以下的土壤不具溶陷性,30~120 cm的苏打盐渍土具有轻微溶陷性;30 cm以上的土壤作为积盐层,高浓度的交换性Na⁺使得土壤颗粒聚结,孔隙比较低,土壤水分入渗受阻,渗流作用微弱,盐分不易溶解、流失;30~120 cm的土壤间理化性质的差异是造成盐渍土溶陷的原因之一,是渠道溶陷治理的关键区域。