Stable isotopic signatures of superposed fluid events in granulite facies marbles of the Rauer Group, East Antarctica

The role of volatiles in the stabilization of the lower (granulite facies) crust is contentious. Opposing models invoke infiltration of CO₂-rich fluids or generally vapour-absent conditions during granulite facies metamorphism. Stable isotope and petrological studies of granulite facies metacarbonates can provide constraints on these models. In this study data are presented from metre-scale forsteritic marble boudins within Archaean intermediate to felsic orthogneisses from the Rauer Group, East Antarctica. Forsteritic marble layers and associated calcsilicates preserve a range of ¹³C- and ¹⁸O-depleted calcite isotope values (δ¹³C= -9.9 to -3.0% PDB, δ¹⁸O = 4.0 to 12.1% SMOW). A coupled trend of ¹³C and ¹⁸O depletion (～2%, ～5%, respectively) from core to rim across one marble layer is inconsistent with pervasive CO₂ infiltration during granulite facies metamorphism, but does indicate localized fluid-rock interaction. At another locality, more pervasive fluid infiltration has resulted in calcite having uniformly low, carbonatite-like δ¹⁸O and δ¹³C values. A favoured mechanism for the low δ¹⁸O and δ¹³C values of the marbles is infiltration by fluids that were derived from, or equilibrated with, a magmatic source. It is likely that this fluid-rock interaction occurred prior to high-grade metamorphism; other fluid-rock histories are not, however, ruled out by the available data. Coupled trends of ¹³C and ¹⁸O depletion are modified to even lower values by the superposed development of small-scale metasomatic reaction zones between marbles and internally folded mafic (?) interlayers. The timing of development of these layers is uncertain, but may be related to Archaean high-temperature (>1000d?C) granulite facies metamorphism.     

Full Causal Bulk Viscous LRS Bianchi I With Time Varying Constants

In this paper we study the evolution of a LRS Bianchi I Universe, filled with a bulk viscous cosmological fluid in the presence of time varying constants “but” taking into account the effects of a c-variable into the curvature tensor. We find that the only physical models are those which “constants” G and c are growing functions on time t, while the cosmological constant Λ is a negative decreasing function. In such solutions the energy density obeys the ultrastiff matter equation of state i.e. ω = 1.     

Ionic association in H2O–CO2 fluids at mid-crustal conditions

The equilibrium constant, K _a, of the association reaction to form ion pairs from charged solute species in supercritical solutions can be calculated from a model based on published equations. Log K _a at constant pressure is a linear function of the inverse in the dielectric constant of the fluid times temperature. The dielectric properties of H₂O and CO₂ at supercritical pressures and temperatures can also be evaluated using the Kirkwood equation. Using Looyenga mixing rules, the dielectric constant of H₂O–CO₂ mixtures can be obtained and the change in log K _a with addition of CO₂ in aqueous solutions evaluated. These changes in log K _a with addition of CO₂ are consistent with measured changes of log K _a with addition of Ar in supercritical H₂O–Ar solutions.
Log K _a of KCl and NaCl increase to an increasing extent as the mole fraction of CO₂ increases in H₂O–CO₂ solutions. For instance, at 2 kbar and constant temperature between 400 and 600° C, log K _a of KCl increases by about two orders of magnitude whilst that of NaCl increases by over four orders of magnitude as the CO₂ mole fraction increases from 0.0 to 0.35. Such changes in log K _a will have dramatic effects on the solubility of minerals in CO₂-rich environments.     

Laboratory experiments on along-slope flows in homogeneous and stratified rotating fluids

Laboratory experiments have been carried out for the flow along isobaths of simulated shelf-continental slope geometry. Cases of both homogeneous and linearly stratified fluids are considered and the background flows are sufficiently strong to have the flow near the bottom boundary range from transitional to fully turbulent. The background motions are impulsively started and flows with a coast on the right (spin-down) and on the left (spin-up) are considered. The homogeneous spin-down and spin-up processes are smooth in the sense that no vortical structures were found to be of the order of the slope width or larger. Flows reach equilibrium more quickly for spin-down cases, and this is attributed to secondary flows forced by the basin geometry. All of the stratified experiments exhibited large-scale instabilities as evidenced by the generation of slope and basin scale eddy structures and a much slower decay than their homogeneous counterparts.     

碱型地幔流体与富碱热液成矿

碱交代作用是整个热液作用成矿的一个基本机理,包括:①所有的热液作用是碱型地幔流体从对岩石(或岩体或地层)进行碱交代(K、Na的带入)开始的;②提供矿源(靠富K、Na热液的强烈交代作用在热液上升路途中萃取岩石矿质);③形成碱交代岩,使热液由强碱性向酸性([H+]离子浓度增长)演化,以破坏稳定的矿质迁移形式,导致沉淀、卸载、成矿;④碱交代岩是高压高温爆裂岩,角砾和次生孔隙度由此大增,有利于热液和构造再活动,成为金属成矿和油气成藏的有利储矿围岩.文章用新的证据证明此富碱热液来自深部碱型地幔流体(A-HA00NS).通过碱金属地球化学这条纲把热液作用和地幔流体作用串联为深浅一个整体.     

Effect of subsurface water level on gully headcut retreat in tropical highlands of Ethiopia

Gully erosion is a major cause of soil loss and severe land degradation in sub-humid Ethiopia. The objective of this study was to investigate the role and the effect of subsurface water level change on gully headcut retreat, gully formation and expansion in high rainfall tropical regions in the Ethiopian highlands. During the rainy seasons of 2017–2019, the expansion rate of 16 fixed gullies was measured and subsurface water levels were measured by piezometers installed near gully heads. During the study period, headcut retreats ranged from 0.70 to 2.35 m, with a mean value of 1.49 ± 0.56 m year⁻¹, and average depth of the surface water level varied between 1.12 and 2.82 m, with a mean value of 2.62 m. Gully cross-section areas ranged from 2.90 to 20.90 m², with an average of 9.31 ± 4.80 m². Volumetric retreat of gully headcuts ranged from 4.49 to 40.55 m³ and averaged 13.34 ± 9.10 m³. Soil loss from individual gullies ranged from 5.79 to 52.31 t year⁻¹ and averaged 17.21 ± 11.74 t year⁻¹. The headcut retreat rate and sediment yield were closely related over the three study seasons. Elevated subsurface water levels facilitated the slumping of gully banks and heads, causing high sediment yield. When the soil was saturated, bank collapse and headcut retreat were favoured by the combination of elevated subsurface water and high rainfall. This study indicates that area exclosures are effective in controlling subsurface water level, thus reducing gully headcut retreat and associated soil loss.     

地下电短天线的输入特性分析

地下电短天线的输入导纳是其几何尺寸、工作频率及地下和近地表物质(围岩及土层)电磁参数的函数.通过分析其变化规律得到下列结论:(1)短天线的输入导纳随频率的变化比较复杂.当频率较低时,短天线的输入电导随地下物质电磁参数的变化不明显,而输入电纳基本上随着频率的增高呈线性变化.(2)在频率比较低时,介电常数的变化对短天线的输入电导影响不明显,存在有一个电导曲线重合频段.对于低阻物质,这个重合频段的上限比较低;对于高阻物质,重合频段的上限升高.对于输入电纳,当电阻率和频率两者都较高时,其对介电常数的变化比较敏感.(3)输入导纳对低阻物质反应敏感,而对具有中等以上电阻率的物质基本上退化成为一条相同的频率变化曲线.(4)短天线的输入导纳值随其几何尺度的增加而增加.     

相山铀矿田西部地区深部多金属矿化成矿年代与成矿流体演化:Rb-Sr同位素体系的制约

江西相山铀矿田科学深钻3号孔在深部-700 m发现大量铅锌多金属矿化脉,垂向上呈"上铀下多金属"的分布特征。本文选取深部多金属矿脉主成矿阶段(S3)自形闪锌矿样品6件和不同阶段的毒砂、黄铁矿、方铅矿、方解石等样品12件,以及围岩全岩样品17件,进行了Rb、Sr同位素组成研究。结果表明:(1)由闪锌矿Rb-Sr等时线法确定的相山铀矿田深部多金属矿化形成于121. 0±3. 5Ma,与围岩火山岩存在较大时差,可能与晚于围岩的深部次火山有关。根据穿插关系,多金属矿化略晚于碱性交代铀矿化,但明显早于酸性交代铀矿化;(2)多金属矿化脉体中金属矿物的Rb和Sr含量分别介于0. 041×10~(-6)～1. 38×10-6和2. 35×10-6～23. 11×10-6之间,Sr同位素初始比值(87Sr/86Sr)i变化较大,介于0. 706114～0. 718814之间,平均值为0. 713579,暗示相山铀矿田深部多金属矿化的成矿物质主要来源于地壳。初始流体Sr同位素值(0. 718665)明显高于成矿时赋矿围岩(流纹英安岩为0. 714581,碎斑流纹岩为0. 714417)的Sr同位素组成,表明多金属成矿流体和物质并非来自围岩火山岩;(3)由早到晚阶段的(87Sr/86Sr)i呈明显降低的演化趋势,表明成矿流体演化过程中受到大气降水的不断稀释作用。相山矿田的铀矿和深部多金属矿化同形成于华南中生代板内伸展构造背景。     

陕西大西沟喷流沉积型菱铁矿矿床地质特征及矿床成因

陕西大西沟铁矿床位于秦岭造山带山-柞盆地西北部,与银洞子大型银铅矿床毗邻。矿体主要赋存在泥盆系青石垭组中上段,容矿岩石为一套海相复理石碎屑岩和碳酸盐岩建造。矿床的金属矿物主要有菱铁矿、磁铁矿、黄铁矿,其次为黄铜矿、磁黄铁矿等;非金属矿物主要是重晶石、石英、铁白云石,其次为方解石、绢云母、绿泥石、黑云母、斜长石、钠长石、堇青石等,局部地段由于表生氧化和次生富集作用而形成针铁矿、赤铁矿、蓝辉铜矿等。与矿化有关的围岩蚀变较弱,主要有硅化、绢云母化、绿泥石化和碳酸盐化。基于野外地质观察、矿物共生组合和矿石结构构造的系统研究,将大西沟铁矿床的形成划分为3期6阶段,分别是:①喷流沉积期:硅质岩-黄铁矿-菱铁矿阶段(Ⅰ)、重晶石-磁铁矿阶段(Ⅱ);②热液改造期:堇青石-黄铁矿-磁铁矿阶段(Ⅲ)、石英-碳酸盐阶段(Ⅳ)、碳酸盐-硫化物-磁铁矿阶段(Ⅴ);③表生氧化期(Ⅵ)。流体包裹体显微测温结果表明,喷流沉积期Ⅰ阶段菱铁矿完全均一温度和盐度w(NaCl_(eq))峰值区间分别为230～270℃和13%～14.5%,Ⅱ阶段重晶石中流体包裹体的完全均一温度和盐度w(NaCl_(eq))峰值区间分别为220～290℃和9%～13%;热液改造期Ⅳ阶段菱铁矿和石英中气液两相包裹体均一温度峰值区间为240～300℃,盐度w(NaCl_(eq))为2.6%～15.7%;热液改造期Ⅴ阶段菱铁矿与石英中流体包裹体,除大量气液两相包裹体外,还发育有含子矿物多相包裹体,其中,气液两相包裹体均一温度峰值区间为290～340℃,盐度w(NaCl_(eq))为5.1%～13.4%,含子矿物多相包裹体均一温度峰值区间为380～440℃,盐度w(NaCl_(eq))为40.6%～59.7%。含子晶流体包裹体可能是流体不混溶或/和高盐度流体加入的反映。矿区内不同产状碳酸盐矿物的C、O同位素组成比较均一,δ~(13)C_(PDB)值集中在-3.58‰～-1.15‰之间,δ~(18)O_(SMOW)值为21.22‰～21.82‰,均表现出海相碳酸盐或海底喷流热液溶解海相碳酸盐的特征。大西沟矿床的地质、矿化和流体特征与海底热液喷流沉积型矿床一致,可能属于典型的喷流沉积型菱铁矿床,但后期受到秦岭造山作用的影响及热液叠加改造并形成磁铁矿和少量硫化物。大西沟菱铁矿矿床与邻近的银洞子铅锌矿组成一个较完整的喷流沉积成矿系统,两者可能分别代表了喷流沉积的边缘相和中心相。