2015年尼泊尔地震三维发震构造及地震危险性研究

2015年4月25日尼泊尔M_W7.8地震发生在喜马拉雅造山带上,人们普遍认为该地震不足以释放该造山带上累积的能量,但对该地区后续地震危险性评价多基于二维或是假三维的形变反演计算结果.本研究从2015年尼泊尔地震主震与其最大余震M_W7.3地震之间的关系出发,着重分析讨论了尼泊尔地震的时间和空间的非均匀性,结合震源机制解、地壳速度结构、精定位后的余震分布及InSAR反演结果,建立了三维发震构造模型,利用非线性摩擦有限元方法,对一个地震周期内断层摩擦行为和块体变形进行了模拟,将计算结果和地表同震形变、形变反演的同震破裂、历史地震时空演化进行对比,在确认该三维模型可靠性的基础上,讨论了该地区后续地震的可能位置,认为在1934年比哈—尼泊尔M_W~8.1地震以东区域,还存在发生大地震的可能,在最大余震M_W7.3地震东南部位,还存在发生中大地震的可能.

     

大地电磁资料精细处理和二维反演解释技术研究(六)——交错模型的大地电磁二维反演

交错模型指的是由几组走向不同的线性构造（近似二维）在空间（纵向、横向）上组合而成的模型.对于电性结构,交错模型表现为纵向或横向上的构造存在电性主轴方位的变化.从构造维性的角度来看,交错模型是一种由二维模型组合而成的特殊的三维模型,直接对其进行大地电磁二维反演,不易获得可靠的反演结果.本文针对交错模型的特点,提出分频段-分区段反演方案.该方案首先需要借助于阻抗张量成像技术,在频率域确定组成交错模型的各线性构造的电性主轴,然后,针对不同的频段、区段,选择对应电性主轴的数据进行反演,通过初始模型的构建将不同电性主轴方位的反演结果对接起来.本文通过三维理论模型的研究,系统展示了分频段-分区段反演的全过程,归纳得到：在分频段反演时先做低频段反演,在分区段反演时先做二维性更不显著一侧的反演.最后,本文将这一技术用于郯庐断裂带中南段一条实测剖面的反演中,其结果与常规二维反演结果相比较,深部的信息更为丰富,且与其他已有地质、地球物理结果的可对比性更好,表明在构造复杂地区,大地电磁分频段-分区段二维反演具有较高的模型分辨率和可靠性.     

柴北缘大型基底断裂——马仙断裂的构造特征研究

利用地面地质、地球物理和钻井资料,对位于柴达木盆地北缘的马仙断裂带的平面分布和剖面结构特征进行了分析,详细的研究了该断裂的形成、发育时间和运动学特征,在此基础上,提出了一个合理的断裂活动的运动学模型。研究认为马仙断裂形成于晚白垩世,在整个新生代期间长期活动,控制了断裂两侧的盆地结构、沉积分布和油气聚集,是一条断面南倾的具有左行走滑分量的斜向冲断层。马仙断裂的运动特征源于南祁连山对盆地的差异性推覆作用。     

海拉尔-新帐房断裂带大地构造属性及其意义

大兴安岭地区海拉尔-新帐房断裂带是一条多期活动的断裂,为中生代各阶段的岩浆活动提供了就位、喷发空间,同时控制了中生代各阶段地质体的分布,其断裂两侧地质体在分布、规模等方面有着很大的差异.经本次工作研究发现,海拉尔-新帐房断裂是一条具走滑性质的大断裂,在各个阶段表现为不同的构造性质,是区域上大地构造单元的分界断裂,东部为隆起区,西部为拗陷区.     

鲜水河走滑断层主形变带与地震形变带关系的研究

本文分析了主形变带和地震形变带与老断层面的关系,指出主形变带与地震形变带不能简单地看成一致或重合,二者是随时空变化的。把断层形变测线布置在地震形变带最大剪切形变段上,不一定能测到断层带上平时的最大剪切形变值。鉴于鲜水河走滑断层两盘同时运动的事实,建议把形变测线布置在老断层带非闭锁段上,并向两侧延长80—100m。     

Evaluating delta asymmetry using three‐dimensional facies architecture and ichnological analysis,Ferron ‘Notom Delta’, Capital Reef,Utah, USA

Delta asymmetry occurs where there is strong wave influence and net longshore transport. Differences in the morphology and facies architecture between updrift and downdrift sides of asymmetric deltas are potentially significant for exploration and exploitation of resources in this class of reservoirs. Although delta asymmetry has been recognized widely from modern wave‐influenced deltaic shorelines, there are few documented examples in the ancient record. Based on an integrated sedimentological and ichnological study, the along‐strike variability and delta asymmetry within a single parasequence (Ps 6) is documented in continuously exposed outcrops of the Cretaceous Ferron Sandstone Member of the Mancos Shale Formation near Hanksville in southern Utah. Two intra‐parasequence discontinuity surfaces are recognized which allow subdivision of the parasequence into three bedsets, marked as Ps 6‐1 to Ps 6‐3. Four facies successions are recognized: (i) wave/storm‐dominated shoreface; (ii) river‐dominated delta front; (iii) wave/storm‐reworked delta front; and (iv) distributary channel and mouth bar. Dips of cross‐strata within distributary‐mouth bars and shorefaces show a strong downdrift (southward) component. Ps 6‐3 predominantly consists of river‐dominated delta‐front deposits, whereas Ps 6‐1 and Ps 6‐2 show an along‐strike facies change with shoreface deposits in the north, passing into heterolithic, river‐dominated delta‐front successions south to south‐eastward, and wave/storm‐reworked delta‐front deposits further to the south‐east. Trace fossil suites correspondingly show distinct along‐strike changes from robust and diverse expressions of the archetypal Cruziana Ichnofacies and Skolithos Ichnofacies, into suites characterized by horizontal, morphologically simple, facies‐crossing ichnogenera, reflecting a more stressed, river‐dominated environment. Further south‐eastward, trace fossil abundance and diversity increase, reflecting a return to archetypal ichnofacies. The overall facies integrated with palaeocurrent data indicate delta asymmetry. The asymmetric delta consists of sandier shoreface deposits on the updrift side and mixed riverine and wave/storm‐reworked deposits on the downdrift side, similar to that observed in the modern examples. However, in contrast to the recent delta asymmetry models, significant paralic, lagoonal and bay‐fill facies are not documented in the downdrift regions of the asymmetric delta. This observation is attributed to a negative palaeoshoreline trajectory during delta progradation and subsequent transgressive erosion. The asymmetric delta was induced by net longshore transport from north to south. The forced regressive nature of the delta precludes significant preservation of topset mud.     

Fault array evolution in extensional basins: insights from statistical analysis of gravel deposits in the Cecina River (Tuscany,Italy)

Two statistical analyses of gravel clasts from the Lower Pleistocene deposits in the Lower Cecina Valley (Tuscany, Italy) have been combined to unravel changes in the palaeo‐drainage system. Data from 16 outcrops were collected and 6400 clasts described. Facies analysis, micro‐palaeontology and macro‐palaeontology and petrographic characteristics of the gravel deposits have highlighted the presence of three allostratigraphic units. Clast lithology is the main discriminator among these units. Cluster and principal component analyses of the 6400 clasts have improved understanding of the stratigraphy of the Lower Pleistocene deposits and constrain the re‐routing of the lower palaeo‐Cecina River from a supposedly south‐east to north‐west direction to the present east to west direction. Short rivers feeding small fan deltas represented by the oldest allostratigraphic units were abandoned in the Lower Pleistocene, when the re‐routing of the Cecina River caused the capture of these streams. This evolution suggests a change in the tectonic regime of the area. The fan deltas developed on the hanging wall of normal faults sub‐parallel to the coast; a change to a transtensile tectonic regime caused the deviation of the main river channel toward the present coast and the formation of a pull‐apart basin, which is now exploited by the Cecina River. This study illustrates the value of lithological analyses of gravel deposits for understanding the tectonic evolution of an area.     

Spores from a carboniferous section in the hunter valley,New South Wales

In this initial systematic study of Carboniferous spores from New South Wales, Australia, fifteen species (all but one of them new) are formally described and are distributed among eight established genera and two new genera (Rattiganispora, a distally annulate trilete form, and Psomospora, an inaperturate or proximally hilate form). The species were selected as being the most characteristic and distinctive forms found in the Italia Road Formation at its well‐exposed type section in the Hunter Valley, east‐central New South Wales. The formation is a cyclical non‐marine unit, over 300 metres (1,000 ft) thick, consisting of lithic arenites together with carbonaceous shales, claystones, and siltstones; its age is regarded as West‐phalian‐Stephanian. The microfiora is compared with those known from sediments of similar age elsewhere and its place in the Australian Palaeozoic palynostratigraphic record is discussed.

New specific institutions are as follows: Punctatisporites lucidulus, P. sub‐tritus, Verrucosisporites aspratilis, V. italiaensis, Raistrickia accincta, R. radiosa, Reticulatisporites asperidictyus, R. magnidictyus, Foveosporites pellucidus, Rattiganispora apiculata (type species), Kraeuselisporites kuttungensis, Grandispora maculosa, Psomospora detecta (type species), and Wilsonites australiensis.     

Asymmetrical river valleys in response to tectonic tilting and strike‐slip faulting,northeast margin of Tibetan Plateau

The northeast margin of the Tibetan Plateau, a particularly important area to understand the mechanism of plateau formation, is characterized by large transpressional arcuate faults. There is debate on the amount of Quaternary sinistral displacement on the major Haiyuan Fault. Previously unrecognized systemic asymmetrical valleys have developed between the Haiyuan and Xiangshan faults. Southeast tilting and sinistral displacement on the northeast side of the Haiyuan Fault resulted in southeast migration of large rivers and asymmetrical widening of their valleys, leaving a systematic distribution of tilted strath terraces along their northwest sides. Where asymmetrical widening created by tilting kept pace with sinistral displacement, rivers have not been deflected, and the increase in valley width downstream from the fault should equate to total lateral displacement since river formation (e.g. Yuan River, a 7 km asymmetrical valley with a c. 2.2 Ma paleomagnetic age). Where river deflection and asymmetrical valley growth are coeval, valley width is less than total horizontal displacement (e.g. Hebao River, a c. 2.1 km asymmetrical valley with c. 2 km deflection). All rivers north of the Haiyuan Fault converge to cut across the Xiangshan Mountains as a gorge. Northeast thrusting of the upthrown side of the Xiangshan Fault has resulted in degradation and related strath terrace formation as the valleys asymmetrically widened. A probable earthquake‐induced landslide caused by movement on the Xiangshan Fault in latest Pleistocene blocked the gorge causing aggradation along all rivers and their tributaries. Deposition terraces were formed after the landslide dam was breached. Together with previous research on the Xiangshan Fault, it is concluded that there has been c. 7 km of Quaternary sinistral displacement on the Haiyuan and Xiangshan faults along the northeast margin of the Tibetan Plateau since the formation of rivers that intersect them. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

青海杂多地区新生代构造特征与两种类型矿床的关系

青海南部存在着巨大的成矿潜力,研究该区的构造变形与成矿作用的关系,对于认识区内众多矿床(化)的构造背景和控矿要素具有重要意义.新生代的走滑断裂和逆冲推覆构造是大陆碰撞造山带成矿理论中晚碰撞阶段在青藏高原东、北缘的重要构造形式.走滑断裂呈北西向,控制着藏东一系列走滑拉分盆地和斑岩的产出;逆冲推覆构造走向北西,整体自南向北呈现很好的分带特征,可分为根带、中带和前锋带.研究区存在两种类型矿床,分别为走滑断裂控制的斑岩型矿床和逆冲推覆构造控制的热液型矿床.其中,切过地壳尺度的走滑断裂因减压作用导致含水地幔的部分熔融,进而导致富含挥发分的含矿斑岩上涌、侵位,形成纳日贡玛斑岩型钼(铜)矿;逆冲推覆作用是流体长距离迁移的动力来源,逆冲推覆构造前锋带的逆冲断层上(下)盘破碎带或次级断层附近是成矿流体迁移的疏导系统和金属汇聚、淀积的重要场所.