苏锡常地区地面沉降机理及防治措施

地面沉降是一种危害性严重的地质灾害。由于地下水的长期超量开采导致地面沉降不断加剧。然而人们往往总是忽略了地质灾害与地质模式的内在联系,把大多数原因归结为人类活动。事实上地面沉降的发生不仅与地下水水位下降密切相关,而且还与地层岩性结构、水文地质条件、土的类型、厚度、压缩性的大小、固结历史等因素有关。本文以苏锡常地区为例,对地面沉降的机理进行了分析并提出了防治措施。     

终止压桩力及承载力标准值实测方法探求

需要多大的压桩力才能将桩压入设计预定的标高,获得最大的单桩承载力,这是工程上最实际、最有价值的问题之一。本文通过静力压桩及静载试验求取适合于工程实际情况的终止压桩力与单桩极限承载力的关系,并通过钢弦式应力计在预应力管桩中的应用,论述了由测应力计频率到求取单桩极限侧阻力标准值及极限端阻力标准值的过程和原理。     

中国东北地区地震空间分布与主要断裂带、深部构造及应力场关系

中国东北地区在北东东向应力场控制下, 地震有其特殊性。地震空间分布和深度统计结果表明, 东北地区地震主要受岩石圈断裂(开原-赤峰断裂带) 控制, 以44°N为界, 南北具有明显差异。北部地震发生的数量少于南部, 震源深度主要集中在4～6 km和8～12 km两个深度范围内; 而南部主要集中在8～12 km和28～30 km两个深度范围内。发震深度分析显示, 开原-赤峰、郯庐断裂带、大兴安岭断裂带下可能存在地温较低的区域, 使地震可以在深部孕育。地震分布的Vp和Vs剖面资料的研究暗示, 断裂与速度变化带、断裂与断裂的相交区域是地震易发生区域。     

巢湖北部耙子山-马家山区域断裂构造演化特征研究

巢湖北部的耙子山-马家山区域,由于不同时期不同性质的构造相互叠加,呈现出相对复杂的地质构造现象。研究认为：该区主要经历了印支、燕山两期构造运动,多期次构造运动相互干扰、相互叠加,从而形成了复杂多变的断裂构造演化特征。     

基于应力变化的余震预测研究综述

本文综述了近期基于应力变化的余震预测研究进展。从静态库仑应力触发角度对余震活动进行研究主要有两方面内容:一是集中于对主震触发余震机制的讨论;二是通过库仑应力变化分布区域与实际余震空间分布区域进行定性对比分析,并认为库仑应力变化为正的区域有利于余震的发生,而这正是余震活动与应力变化高度相关的重要证据。基于应力变化的余震预测研究的一项重要内容是建立在速率-状态依从摩擦定律基础之上的余震活动率研究,即将余震活动作为一系列独立的成核事件,从断层滑动触发地震的角度出发,结合静态库仑应力计算得到余震活动率,进而得到余震数量。余震活动是与断层面上的剪切应力变化相关联的,余震活动率受应力扰动幅度、应力加载速率、断层基本物理特性及背景地震活动率等的影响。考虑到“余震激发余震”的特点,ETAS 模型与静态库仑应力变化相结合的研究方法提供了一条统计学与物理学方法(应力变化)相结合、能更完整地刻画余震活动特征的可能途径。     

应力演变方法及其在华北地区河北省的应用

本文研究了库仑应力变化与自1484年以来中国河北省内发生的强震的关系。华北板块在过去的一个世纪里有许多历史地震和一些破坏性的地震发生,其中包括1976年的唐山大地震(M = 7.8)。我们的研究包含了河北省及其邻近区域的最活跃的地震断裂带和频繁遭受过强烈地震的区域。华北板块,包括鄂尔多斯高原和华北平原,是中国太古宙克拉通的一部分,而且是世界上地震最活跃的地区之一。这些地震活动主要发生在东西向的走滑断裂带上。研究区域内的断裂活动导致了复杂的应力场。通过计算库仑破裂函数(ACFF)的变化来得出这个地区的地震灾害评估,这库仑破裂函数的变化是由强震(MS≥6.5)产生的同震滑动和主要区域性大断裂的连续构造载荷产生的应力引起的。在应力演化模型计算的每一步都对下一次可能触发的强震进行了估计,模型最终提出了易于发生即将到来的强烈活动断层段的理由。从而提供了未来地震危险性评价研究依据。在本文中,以张家口断裂,夏垫断裂,廊坊断裂的结果为例,说明通过计算得出的ACFF结果,对未来地震危险性提供依据是可行的。     

Shear velocity estimates in rough‐bed open‐channel flow

Shear velocity u_* is an important parameter in geophysical flows, in particular with respect to sediment transport dynamics. In this study, we investigate the feasibility of applying five standard methods [the logarithmic mean velocity profile, the Reynolds stress profile, the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) profile, the wall similarity and spectral methods] that were initially developed to estimate shear velocity in smooth bed flow to turbulent flow over a loose bed of coarse gravel (D₅₀ = 1·5 cm) under sub‐threshold conditions. The analysis is based on quasi‐instantaneous three‐dimensional (3D) full depth velocity profiles with high spatial and temporal resolution that were measured with an Acoustic Doppler Velocity Profiler (ADVP) in an open channel. The results of the analysis confirm the importance of detailed velocity profile measurements for the determination of shear velocity in rough‐bed flows. Results from all methods fall into a range of ± 20% variability and no systematic trend between methods was observed. Local and temporal variation in the loose bed roughness may contribute to the variability of the logarithmic profile method results. Estimates obtained from the TKE and Reynolds stress methods reasonably agree. Most results from the wall similarity method are within 10% of those obtained by the TKE and Reynolds stress methods. The spectral method was difficult to use since the spectral energy of the vertical velocity component strongly increased with distance from the bed in the inner layer. This made the choice of the reference level problematic. Mean shear stress for all experiments follows a quadratic relationship with the mean velocity in the flow. The wall similarity method appears to be a promising tool for estimating shear velocity under rough‐bed flow conditions and in field studies where other methods may be difficult to apply. This method allows for the determination of u_* from a single point measurement at one level in the intermediate range (0·3 < h < 0·6). Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

芦山地震前康定地温变化现象

近年来,中国大陆强震主要发生在巴颜喀拉地块周边,该地块成为近期中国大陆强震主体地区.在一些关键构造部位,开展地壳活动信息监测具有重要的实际意义.作者所在研究组专门研发了适于野外观测的无线地温遥测设备,在鲜水河断裂带建立了无线地温遥测台网.在2013年4月20日的芦山地震前后,观测到了一些值得关注的现象:从2013年1月31日开始,康定地温出现持续变化,并与台站周围小震活动存在良好的对应关系.根据温度与力之间的关系,基岩温度突变的内在本质是应力调整.从构造角度看,龙门山断裂带和鲜水河断裂带同属于巴颜喀拉地块的不同边界,康定测点与芦山地震之间存在关联性,上述温度变化可能与芦山地震有关.     

A numerical study of the behavior of fully grouted rockbolts under dynamic loading

The widespread preference for rockbolts in providing adequate rock stability in underground mines and man-made cavities make it necessary to obtain a better understanding of the response of these support systems. It is widely accepted that the fully grouted rockbolts provide better roof stability in areas of very poor roof condition which may be caused by high ground stress conditions. There is little information about the in situ behavior of these systems especially under dynamic loading. Hence, to study the behavior of fully grouted rockbolts under dynamic loading, a numerical modeling study was conducted using the FLAC^3D code. In this study the behavior of three types of fully grouted rockbolts were compared with each other including rockbolts with and without head plate and a yielding type one. The results of analyses indicated that under dynamic loading the fully grouted rockbolts without the head plate are incapable of controlling the rock mass movement. Although fully grouted rockbolts with head plate damp a considerable amount of the dynamic energy through friction as these bolts slide within the grout, but the elongation of the rockbolt is not possible due to the rapid breakage of the rockbolt–grout interface. Yielding rockbolts are the best choice for the absorption of the dynamic stress wave and controlling of the rock mass movement. The obtained results show that the optimal design of yielding rockbolt should be in such a way that after dynamic loading, anchoring part of bolt has a limited movement to prevent stress concentration in the shaft of rockbolt and its breakage.     

Dynamic model of mesoscale eddies. Eddy parameterization for coarse resolution ocean circulation models

In the framework of the eddy dynamic model developed in two previous papers (Dubovikov, M.S., Dynamical model of mesoscale eddies, Geophys. Astophys. Fluid Dyn., 2003, 97, 311–358; Canuto, V.M. and Dubovikov, M.S., Modeling mesoscale eddies, Ocean Modelling, 2004, 8, 1–30 referred as I–II), we compute the contribution of unresolved mesoscale eddies to the large-scale dynamic equations of the ocean. In isopycnal coordinates, in addition to the bolus velocity discussed in I–II, the mesoscale contribution to the large scale momentum equation is derived. Its form is quite different from the traditional down-gradient parameterization. The model solutions in isopycnal coordinates are transformed to level coordinates to parameterize the eddy contributions to the corresponding large scale density and momentum equations. In the former, the contributions due to the eddy induced velocity and to the residual density flux across mean isopycnals (so called Σ-term) are derived, both contributions being shown to be of the same order. As for the large scale momentum equation, as well as in isopycnal coordinates, the eddy contribution has a form which is quite different from the down-gradient expression.