黄河源区河流阶地特征及源区黄河的形成

提要：本文通过对黄河源区河流阶地的系统测量和研究,认为黄河源区黄河阶地主要由堆积阶地组成,少量侵蚀阶地,阶地拔河高度低,阶面比较开阔平坦。黄河自源头至入扎陵湖段仅发育一级河流阶地,从鄂陵湖出水口至黄河乡段发育两级河流阶地,从黄河乡以下至久治县东段发育三级河流阶地。结合ESR测年结果,黄河源区河流阶地形成的时间主要为中更新世晚期—全新世,T1河流阶地的形成时代约为1万年;T2河流阶地的形成时代为5.8～1.9万年;T3河流阶地的形成时代为16.1～2.5万年。河流阶地研究表明,黄河在源区形成较晚,可能为晚更新世晚期。     

Post-glacial landscape response to climate variability in the southeastern San Juan Mountains of Colorado, USA

Geomorphic mapping in the upper Conejos River Valley of the San Juan Mountains has shown that three distinct periods of aggradation have occurred since the end of the last glacial maximum (LGM). The first occurred during the Pleistocene–Holocene transition (~ 12.5–9.5 ka) and is interpreted as paraglacial landscape response to deglaciation after the LGM. Evidence of the second period of aggradation is limited but indicates a small pulse of sedimentation at ~ 5.5 ka. A third, more broadly identifiable period of sedimentation occurred in the late Holocene (~ 2.2–1 ka). The latest two periods of aggradation are concurrent with increases in the frequency of climate change in the region suggesting that Holocene alpine and sub-alpine landscapes respond more to rapid changes in climate than to large singular climatic swings. Soil development and radiocarbon dating indicate that hillslopes were stable during the Holocene even while aggradation was occurring in valley bottoms. Thus, we can conclude that erosion does not occur equally throughout the landscape but is focused upslope of headwater streams, along tributary channels, or on ridge tops. This is in contrast to some models which assume equal erosion in headwater basins.     

10Be dating of river terraces of Santo Domingo river,on Southeastern flank of the Mérida Andes,Venezuela: Tectonic and climatic implications

In this study, we discuss the first cosmogenic ¹⁰Be dating of river terraces located in the lower reaches of the Santo Domingo river (Southeastern flank of the Mérida Andes, Western Venezuela). The geomorphic observations and dating allowed the restoration of the temporal evolution of incision rate, which was analysed in terms of tectonic, climatic and geomorphic processes. The long-term incision rate in the area has been constantly around 1.1 mm/a over the last 70 ka. Taking into account the geologic and geomorphologic setting, this value can be converted into the Late Pleistocene uplift rate of the Southeastern flank of the Mérida Andes. Our results show that the process of terraces formation in the lower reaches of the Santo Domingo river occurred at a higher frequency (10³–10⁴ years) than a glacial/interglacial cycle (10⁴–10⁵ years). According to the global and local climate curve, these terraces were abandoned during warm to cold transitions.     

Quaternary and Holocene coastal uplift in Ikaria Island,Aegean Sea

Abstract

Geomorphological, biological and AMS radiocarbon dating provide evidence of an about lm high elevated palaeo-shoreline at the NE coast of Ikaria Island,Aegean Sea, and to a seismic uplift which occurred after AD950-1150 and was probably responsible for damage in an ancient tower. These data are important for several reasons. They provide evidence for a strong earthquake in an island usually assumed aseismic, coastal uplifts and coastal fauna are scarce in this region, while the Late Holocene uplift correlates with a flight of marine terraces of probably Quaternary age, at least up to 40m high. Long-term uplift is not observed at the footwall of a fault bounding a major graben north of Ikaria, it represents a structural puzzle and it may help to shed some light to the evolution of various extensional terranes.     

Quantifying the impact of no-till on sediment yield in southern Brazil at the hillslope and catchment scales

No-till (NT) is a soil management system designed to protect soil resources from water erosion and provide numerous benefits compared to conventional tillage through the increase of organic matter inputs into the soil. However, NT in isolation is not sufficient to control erosion processes caused by an excessive production of surface runoff. This study evaluated soil losses on agricultural hillslopes under no-till characterized by contrasted water, soil, and crop management conditions. To this end, water and soil losses were monitored between 2014 and 2018 at two scales, including four macroplots (0.6 ha; 27 events) and two paired zero-order catchments (2.4 ha; 63 events). The resulting dataset covered a wide range of rainfall conditions that occurred in contrasted soil, crop, and runoff management conditions. Hyetographs, hydrographs, and sedigraphs were constructed, and these data were used to evaluate the impact of management on sediment yields, including that of terraces, scarification, and phytomass on sediment yield. The installation of terraces reduced sediment yield by 58.7%, mainly through surface runoff control. Crop management including an increased phytomass input efficiently controlled soil losses (63%), although it did not reduce runoff volume and peak flow. In contrast, scarification had no impact on runoff and soil losses. The current research demonstrated the need to combine the installation of terraces and leaving a high amount of phytomass on the soil to control surface runoff and erosion and reduce sediment yield. The current research therefore reinforces the relevance of the monitoring strategy conducted at the scale of macroplots and zero-order catchments to evaluate the impact of contrasted water, soil, and crop management methods and select the most effective conservation agriculture practices.     

USING DEFORMED FLUVIALTERRACES OF THE QINGYIJIANG RIVER TO STUDY THE TECTONIC ACTIVITY OF THE SOUTHERN SEGMENT OF LONGMENSHAN FAULT ZONE

On 20 April 2013, a destructive earthquake, the Lushan M_S7.0 earthquake, occurred in the southern segment of the Longmenshan Fault zone, the eastern margin of the Tibetan plateau in Sichuan, China. This earthquake did not produce surface rupture zone, and its seismogenic structure is not clear. Due to the lack of Quaternary sediment in the southern segment of the Longmenshan fault zone and the fact that fault outcrops are not obvious, there is a shortage of data concerning the tectonic activity of this region. This paper takes the upper reaches of the Qingyijiang River as the research target, which runs through the Yanjing-Wulong Fault, Dachuan-Shuangshi Fault and Lushan Basin, with an attempt to improve the understanding of the tectonic activity of the southern segment of the Longmenshan fault zone and explore the seismogenic structure of Lushan earthquake. In the paper, the important morphological features and tectonic evolution of this area were reviewed. Then, field sites were selected to provide profiles of different parts of the Qingyijiang River terraces, and the longitudinal profile of the terraces of the Qingyijiang River in the south segment of the Longmenshan fault zone was reconstructed based on geological interpretation of high-resolution remote sensing images, continuous differential GPS surveying along the terrace surfaces, geomorphic field evidence, and correlation of the fluvial terraces. The deformed longitudinal profile reveals that the most active tectonics during the late Quaternary in the south segment of the Longmenshan Fault zone are the Yanjing-Wulong Fault and the Longmenshan range front anticline. The vertical thrust rate of the Yanjing-Wulong Fault is nearly 0.6~1.2mm/a in the late Quaternary. The tectonic activity of the Longmenshan range front anticline may be higher than the Yanjing-Wulong Fault. Combined with the relocations of aftershocks and other geophysical data about the Lushan earthquake, we found that the seismogenic structure of the Lushan earthquake is the range front blind thrust and the back thrust fault, and the pop-up structure between the two faults controls the surface deformation of the range front anticline.     

Geomorphic evidence of major sea-level fluctuations during marine isotope substage-5e, Cape Cuvier, Western Australia

A detailed geomorphologic and morphostratigraphic investigation of raised marine terraces at Cape Cuvier, Western Australia, reveals two morphologically distinct units. A lower, well-developed accretional reef terrace between 3 and 5.5 m above MLWS (mean low-water springs; hereafter denoted as “+”) represents an extended interval of stable sea level. An upper erosional terrace and incipient coralgal rim between + 8.5 to 10.5 m represents a brief sea-level stillstand at this higher elevation. These features suggest the lower and upper terraces developed during discrete sea-level events. In an attempt to better define the timing of emplacement of each marine unit, 20 coral samples collected along vertical and lateral reef growth axis from both terraces were analysed with U-series dating. Unfortunately, all coral samples exhibited elevated δ²³⁴U_initial values, suggesting that pervasive uptake of ²³⁴U-enriched uranium and ²³⁰Th thorium had occurred. Despite the shortcomings of absolute dating, a succession of events can be resolved though morphostratigraphic relationships. Comparison of the facies relationships, coral growth, and morphostratigraphic features between the lower and upper terraces indicates that an early to mid MIS 5e stillstand at + 3 to 5 m was followed by a late rise to + 8.5 to 10.5 m. This agrees with an emerging global view of MIS 5e sea-level history derived from stable carbonate platforms, rejecting the hypothesis that these higher sea-level benchmarks are an artefact of localized tectonic processes.     

沉积物ESR测年及在川西-滇北河流阶地定年中的应用

ESR能够直接测定第四纪碎屑沉积物年代,尤其是对老于距今20万年以上的沉积物而被广泛应用,但其不很高的测年精度及可重复性不高又限制了其应用的广泛性。野外样品采集及室内分析测试的各个环节都会对ESR测年精度产生影响,因此控制这些环节造成的各种误差是提高ESR测年精度的关键。川西-滇北地区部分河流阶地沉积物ESR年代测定结果与地层层序以及区域地质构造事件基本吻合,表明ESR法测定该区河流阶地沉积物的年代是可行的。在野外采样以及实验室内样品处理测试过程中,采取合理的措施,可以把ESR测年的误差控制在10％～15％的范围内,基本能够满足研究的需要。     

ages of the recent two episodes of glacially dammed lakes along the upstream of the yarlung zangbo gorge

There are many episodes of multiple-level lacustrine terraces along the entrance of the Yarlung Zangbo Great Canyon. Besides, very thick fluvio-lacustrine sediments are buried beneath the cover of the riverbed. Optically stimulated luminescence and radiocarbon dating provide an approximate timeline of upper valley deposits and reveal at least two glacially dammed lake events (Ⅰ and Ⅱ) which have deposition ages of 7～9ka (Ⅰ) and 20～30ka(Ⅱ), respectively. The recent two episodes of glacially dammed lakes produced two steps of lacustrine terraces (T₁, T₂) correspondingly, which are of elevations 2906～2 956m and 3100～3 060m. The formation of paleo-dammed lakes reflects that the Zelunglung Glacier in the west slope of Mt. Namche Barwa had progressively advanced to block the Yarlung Tsangpo River during the early Holocene and the Last Glacial Maximum. The glacially dammed lake I has a relatively smaller extent. Its lacustrine sediments are distributed mainly from Datuoka to Mirui with maximum thickness about 5～8m. Its end is roughly at the south of Milin County. The glacially dammed lake Ⅱ occupies a large area with the end roughly nearby Lang County. Its sediments are exposed from Datuoka to Wolong with maximum thickness about 100m. After the later fluvial erosion, the lacustrine sediments of this lake formed 1～3 levels of secondary terraces.     

利用DEM技术自动提取龙门山南段青衣江阶地面的研究

河流阶地面是一种时间性、连续性非常高的层状地貌面,利用跨断层地区的河流阶地变形可以定量地判别一个地区的断层活动性。青衣江横跨龙门山断裂带南段是一条区域性大河,由于龙门山南段构造活动强烈且河流阶地被侵蚀程度严重,为了在室内更好、更快地解译青衣江河流阶地,使野外调查工作更具有针对性,本文在龙门山南段青衣江流域小关子至飞仙村一段,采用航测遥感技术制作的2m分辨率DEM和1/5万数字高程模型,基于Arc GIS和MATLAB平台进行了阶地面提取和聚类分析,以模拟野外测量阶地的流程,试图通过计算机提取,快速获取该地区更多的残余地貌面,建立起较为完整的河流阶地纵剖面。研究结果表明:野外测量数据与计算机自动提取结果相似度较高,具有较好的一致性;在完整的阶地剖面中发现了芦山盆地内部阶地具有疑似拱曲现象;在大川-双石断裂附近阶地有翘起现象,推测芦山盆地西缘阶地拱曲是由大川-双石断裂东侧的一条未知断层引起的,大川-双石断裂附近阶地的翘起现象可能是在断层逆冲推覆过程中形成的,同时结合区域年代历史数据,推测该地区(芦山盆地至大川-双石断裂)至少在晚更新世曾发生过构造活动。