黄河中游水系的阶地发育时代

本文通过磁性地层学方法研究了兰州段黄河阶地，宝鸡段渭河阶地，洛川段洛河阶地，结果表明：兰州段黄河最高阶为六级阶地，发育于１．４０ＭａＢ．Ｐ．，兰州地区黄河最早出现在１．６０ＭａＢ．Ｐ．。一级支流宝鸡段渭河最高阶地为五级阶地，发育于１．２０ＭａＢ．Ｐ．洛川地区洛阳最早出现在１．２０ＭａＢ．Ｐ．。黄河中游水系的阶地形成，主要是由于青藏高原的隆起以及地壳不断震抬升作用造成的。     

Dating fluvial terraces by Th/U on pedogenic carbonate, Wind River Basin, Wyoming

Reliable and precise ages of Quaternary pedogenic carbonate can be obtained with ²³⁰Th/U dating by thermal ionization mass spectrometry applied to carefully selected milligram-size samples. Datable carbonate can form within a few thousand years of surface stabilization allowing ages of Quaternary deposits and surfaces to be closely estimated. Pedogenic carbonate clast-rinds from gravels of glacio-fluvial terraces in the Wind River Basin have median concentrations of 14 ppm U and 0.07 ppm ²³²Th, with median (²³⁰Th/²³²Th) = 270, making them well suited for ²³⁰Th/U dating. Horizons as thin as 0.5 mm were sampled from polished slabs to reduce averaging of long (≥10⁵ yr), and sometimes visibly discontinuous, depositional histories. Dense, translucent samples with finite ²³⁰Th/U ages preserve within-rind stratigraphic order in all cases. Ages for terraces WR4 (167,000 ± 6,400 yr) and WR2 (55,000 ± 8600 yr) indicate a mean incision rate of 0.26 ± 0.05 m per thousand years for the Wind River over the past glacial cycle, slower than inferred from cosmogenic-nuclide dating. Terrace WR3, which formed penecontemporaneously with the final maximum glacial advance of the penultimate Rocky Mountain (Bull Lake) glaciation, has an age of 150,000 ± 8300 yr indicating that it is broadly synchronous with the penultimate global ice volume maximum.     

汾河流域地貌发育对构造运动和气候变化的响应

自中更新世中晚期以来，由于构造运动及气候变化，在汾河流域系列盆地中无论是地貌还是沉积都出现了相应的变化。根据对系列盆地中普遍发育的三级冲湖积台地的成因分析，发现发生于0.76MaBP,0.55MaBP及0.13MaBP的3次大幅度区域构造抬升是导致古湖盆湖退，三级台地形成的根源，根据对太原盆地东南边缘的一台地-洪山台地湖积层的分析，发现在相邻两次构造抬升之间的构造相对稳定期，气候变化完全控制着湖盆的演化，由第四纪气候的干湿变化对象太原盆地这样大的湖盆，一般只引起不大于4.5m的湖面升降，与构造抬升引起的湖面变动相差甚大，作为影响河湖地貌发育的2个主导因素，构造运动是主要的，气候变化只是在构造稳定期才突出地显示其影响。     

三峡库区长江阶地冲积物的年代测定

三峡库区的长江阶地是研究川江、峡江水系演变的重要证据。发育冲积物的阶地主要出现在库区西半部的川东和重庆的中低山、丘陵区,最多有6级。阶地研究中遇到的主要问题是难以确定阶地的形成时代。我们采用TL法和ESR法测量了三峡库区6个地点阶地的堆积年龄。测量数据显示,ESR法基本不适合测定三峡库区冲积物的年龄;尽管TL法本身存在缺陷,但测得的T1~T4的堆积年龄得到其他独立的测年结果的支持。阶地T1~T4的TL年龄依次为7~17 ka、28~46 ka、62~81 ka和103~105 ka。此外,根据年代地层对比的方法以及前人的古地磁测量结果,推测三峡库区第四级阶地的年龄大于101 ka,第五级阶地的年龄大于392 ka,而第六级阶地的年龄小于780 ka。从而初步建立了三峡库区阶地堆积的时间序列。     

Preservation of the last aggradation phase in climate-driven terraces: Evidence from Late Quaternary reach-specific fluvial dynamics of the Allier River (France)

There is limited knowledge about the preservation of aggradation phases in Quaternary fluvial records. Previous numerical modelling of erosion and deposition in Late Quaternary Allier River (France) generated the prediction that this river has reach-specific fluvial dynamics related to climate-driven tributary sediment-flux dynamics. To test this prediction, new optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) samples were collected of the Late Quaternary Fx terrace at five locations along a stretch of 60 km. OSL dates of both quartz and feldspar sand grains indicate that all relatively basalt-poor sediments display significantly different ages for each reach (ranging from 36.3 ± 2.0 to 21.1 ± 2.3 ka). The more basalt-rich terrace body consistently yields ages in the range 21.1 ± 1.7 to 16.1 ± 1.5 ka, suggesting contemporaneous aggradation along the whole studied Allier reach during this interval. Our own new OSL date of a Tartaret eruption around 16.8 ± 2.5 ka also fits this time window, suggesting a direct link with volcanic activity. However, there are many more dated volcanic events that coincide with the older basalt-poor units, making it less likely that a direct link between terrace-sediment basalt content and volcanic activity exists. The timings of the dated depositional events in MIS 3 and 2 all match with simulated climate drivers and published landscape erosion rates. Counterintuitively, the volcanic Chaîne des Puys area supplied more sediment during the cold and dry Last Glacial Maximum. Basalt content in the Allier terrace sediments reflects climate-related sediment-flux dynamics upstream. The scarcity of older basalt-poor sediment bodies from MIS 4 and 3 in the Fx terrace suggests that less sediment was supplied and/or the intermittent erosional phases in the Allier were very effective at removing them. We hypothesize that this observation of predominant preservation of the last aggradation phase could be a common phenomenon in most climate-driven terraces. © 2020 The Authors. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd     

黄河河套盆地段阶地砾石层的形成时代和物源分析

研究团队前期在河套地区发现了多级黄河阶地,并厘定了其沉积时代,但并未探讨其物源特征。在此工作的基础上,我们首次从物源的角度对河套盆地段黄河的形成演化进行探讨。对黄河临河段T3阶地、黄河库布齐段T9阶地砾石层进行砾石统计,发现两处古流向均为由西向东,证明物源来自黄河上游方向。在临河段黄河T3阶地、库布齐段黄河T9阶地基座和下伏白垩纪基岩三处采集锆石样品,发现河套盆地段黄河阶地下伏白垩纪基岩有三个主要峰值:250～310 Ma、1550～2160 Ma、2340～2700 Ma,而黄河T3阶地和T9阶地基座的锆石年龄谱除了以上三个峰值外,在380～490 Ma和600～1420 Ma两个区间也有明显峰值。将其年龄谱与已发表的黄河各地质年代沉积物的锆石年龄谱进行对比,我们发现白垩纪基岩的物源主要来自鄂尔多斯基底和周缘造山带,而河套盆地段黄河河床至少从(5.16±0.50)Ma开始接受来自青藏高原东北部的碎屑物的堆积,也即贯穿青藏高原东北部和河套盆地的黄河至少在此时就已经形成。     

Cosmogenic Be inferred lake-level changes in Sumxi Co basin, Western Tibet

Most Tibetan lakes are surrounded by conspicuous regressive shorelines attesting to high-water levels in the past. Concentrations of the in situ produced cosmogenic radionuclide ¹⁰Be in bedrock from the three highest terraces surrounding Sumxi Co, situated in Western Kunlun, indicate that the highest lake-level appeared before 10,000–11,500 yr, and most likely between 11,000 and 12,800 yr. Younger ages for the two lower terraces imply regression of Sumxi Co during the early-mid Holocene. The concurrency of the highest lake-level with orbitally induced maximum northern hemisphere summer insolation suggests that the increase in water supply to Sumxi Co was most likely associated with increased recharge from melting glaciers. We conclude that the enhanced Indian monsoon during the early Holocene did not penetrate the Tibetan plateau and affect the northwestern part of Tibet significantly.     

ESR chronology of the Somme River Terrace system and first human settlements in Northern France

The Somme Valley, Northern France, is famous for its archaeological sequence, where numerous rich Palaeolithic sites, such as Saint-Acheul, the type site of the Acheulian, have been discovered. The archaeological levels are often directly associated with fossil alluvial sediments of the River Somme or with slope deposits, including loess and palaeosols. In the middle reaches of the valley, near Amiens, the system of fossil-stepped fluvial terraces is particularly well developed and preserved, and occurs on 10 alluvial formations. These terraces, from +5 to +55 m above the present-day valley bedrock, allow the study of the environmental changes and the human settlement of this area through the Pleistocene.

Since 1988, ESR dating was systematically applied on bleached quartz extracted from the fossil fluvial deposits, in order to better describe the geological evolution of the stepped system. More recently, U-series/ESR dating has also been performed on teeth collected from the different terrace deposits. Here we present a synthetic review of the main ESR results, and propose an ESR chronology for the geological evolution of the Somme fluvial system and for the Middle Pleistocene human settlement of northern France.     

甘肃酒泉盆地河流地貌与新构造运动

通过对甘肃酒泉盆地北大河、洪水坝河、丰乐河、马营河的阶地进行了野外形态量计,获得了它们的阶地纵剖面,对洪水坝河的阶地年龄进行了测定和估计,并通过卫星像片解译对这些河流的洪积扇进行了制图。作者认为酒泉盆地河流阶地纵剖面的形态和洪积扇的迁移受断层控制,河流在距今大约16万年和4万年发生的两次由加积转化为下切的事件可能代表两次构造抬升相对强烈时期。     

临汾盆地末次间冰期以来地貌演化的构造和气候响应

野外调查发现,末次间冰期(MIS₅)以来临汾盆地普遍发育了一级冲湖积台地(T₃)、一级湖蚀台地、两级堆积阶地(T₂、T₁).利用黄土磁化率地层定年法、TL测年法,确定这些台地或阶地的年龄分别为130kaBP、130kaBP~52kaBP、52kaBP和9kaBP.分析构造和气候因素对河湖地貌发育的影响规律,得出T₃台地的形成是130kaBP的区域构造抬升的结果;T₂、T₁阶地的出现是河流响应晚更新世以来气候变化的产物;湖蚀台地的存在反映了汾河下游黄河三门峡河段可能曾因古崩塌滑坡而被堵塞过。