不同生计类型农户的土地利用——三峡库区典型村的实证研究

采用分层随机抽样、参与式农村评估、地块调查等方法,研究了重庆市涪陵区珍溪镇3 个典型村样本农户的土地利用和土地投入的差异。共调查了227 户,2250 个地块。结果发现：① 除了6.17%的非农户土地撂荒、退耕或出租外,纯农户、一兼户、二兼户的土地利用类型均以集约为主。纯农户因年龄结构老龄化,劳动力供应不足,相对粗放的耕地面积为48.95%。一兼户相对集约利用的面积比例为71.08%。二兼户相对集约利用的面积比例为67.20%。② 土地投入有明显差异。纯农户每公顷农业劳动力投入少,劳动力老龄化;由于缺乏资金,农业机械及省工性投入少,多选择农家肥及磷肥、碳铵等价格较低的传统肥料。一兼户劳动力投入的数量与质量都最高,有长期投资农业的意愿与动力,农业机械投资量最大,保持了较高的农家肥施用量,且各种化肥配合施用,用量适中;二兼户每公顷农业劳动力投入大,以老人与妇女为主;由于收入高,农业机械及省工性投入比纯农户多,首选价格高、省劳力的化肥。非农户无土地投入。`     

Foraging strategy of little auks under divergent conditions on feeding grounds

A dual foraging strategy (long versus short trips) has been described for some species of seabirds, such as petrels, albatrosses (Procellariiformes) and penguins (Sphenisciphormes). Such a strategy has recently been reported for little auks ( Alle alle ) from the central coast of west Spitsbergen, Svalbard. This has been explained as a response to poor trophic conditions close to the breeding colony, and better conditions further away (150 km). In the present study, we investigated the foraging strategy of little auks in Hornsund, southern Spitsbergen, during two seasons with contrasting oceanographic conditions. During 2004, foraging conditions for little auks were good: cold Arctic waters rich in profitable high-energy food were dominant in their feeding grounds. Conversely, during 2006 there was a great influx of warm Atlantic water in the feeding area, inducing poor foraging conditions. In both seasons we examined the pattern of foraging trip lengths automatically with a video camera (both adults from four nests in each year), and by direct non-stop observation of 20–54 individually marked birds. Our results showed that the dual strategy and the ratio of short and long trips were consistent, regardless of the conditions in the feeding grounds. This suggests that the strategy is inherent and may be crucial for the self-maintenance of adults.     

多色彩高空间分辨率遥感影像矢量边缘信息提取算法与应用

相对单波段灰度影像而言,多波段高空间分辨率遥感影像中可用于边缘检测的光谱信息更加丰富。鉴于Canny算子在灰度图像边缘检测中的优越性能,本文利用输出融合策略对其适用于高空间分辨率遥感影像矢量边缘检测作了改进。基于可视化开发平台VC++.NET,编程实现了福州市航拍的高空间分辨率遥感影像红绿蓝三个标准波段在RGB、IHS、Y IQ、YUV、C IELUV色彩空间中对各种地物矢量边缘信息的有效提取。对高空间分辨率遥感影像矢量边缘各分量的分析认为,由于波谱范围差异的影响,在上述色彩空间中不同地物类型边缘检测时响应程度具有显著的不同。本文研究结果表明,该算法参数设置和色彩空间选择对高空间分辨率遥感影像矢量边缘信息提取有较大的影响。     

改进的模拟退火遗传算法在地下水管理中的应用

对于高度非线性、非凸的地下水管理模型,传统优化方法难以找到全局最优解。本文采用模拟退火遗传算法求解地下水管理模型,并从三个方面对算法进行改进:引入小生境技术,采用自适应交叉和变异概率,在选择过程中采用最优保存策略,从而提高算法的全局寻优能力和收敛速度。采用惩罚函数法处理约束条件。用Fortran 90语言编制了计算程序,并通过Schaffer测试函数验证了该算法不仅具有强大的全局寻优能力和局部搜索能力,而且具有较快的收敛速度和较高的优化精度。将该算法应用到某研究区地下水管理中,取得了较好的效果。     

Progress in the Development of Control Strategies for the SBR Process

The sequencing batch reactor (SBR) process has shown great success in the treatment of industrial wastewater from intermittent discharge factories and for the treatment of domestic wastewater from medium or small towns. As automation technology has developed, many studies have been conducted to determine the optimal conditions for the SBR process. This review outlines the progress and application of control strategies that have been developed for the SBR process and provides a summary and comparison of the advantages and disadvantages of various control strategies, especially fixed‐time control strategies and various real‐time control strategies. Moreover, an analysis and discussion of novel optimal control methods for biologic nutrient removal are provided. Although previous studies in this field have greatly enriched our understanding of SBR systems, it is clear that many unsolved problems remain. Therefore, a summary of unanswered questions regarding control strategies for the SBR process is provided and future research directions are suggested.     

下刚果盆地盐下构造特征及其对油气成藏的控制作用

摘要：通过对下刚果盆地不同构造部位地震剖面的解释,总结了下刚果盆地盐下构造特征,认为下刚果盆地盐下发育一中央隆起带,该隆起带将下刚果盆地划分为内裂谷带和外裂谷带,大西洋枢纽断裂(带)是中央隆起带和外裂谷带的分界线。内、外裂谷带均发育次级凸起和凹陷,呈“两凸三凹”的构造格局。下刚果盆地盐下隆坳格局控制着烃源岩、储层、盖层的类型和分布范围,控制着油气成藏组合和成藏模式。在上述研究的基础上,指出下刚果盆地盐下油气成藏的主要控制因素为断裂控制的基底构造高部位,下一步勘探方向应以寻找基底构造高垒块为主。     

万年县神农宫旅游资源综合评价与开发对策

溶洞作为一种重要的旅游资源,以其幽、奇、险等特点得到了广泛的旅游开发。科学、合理地对旅游资源开发价值进行评价是旅游开发的前提和基础。文章以万年县神农宫为研究对象,采用层次分析法和模糊综合评判法对其岩溶洞穴旅游资源的开发价值进行了系统评价,结果表明:神农宫的评价得分为87.38分,为优良级旅游资源,具有较高的旅游开发价值。在进行综合评价的基础上,将神农宫旅游资源的评价因子分为高开发价值和中低开发价值两个层级,并提出了相应的开发建议。      

THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIAL THEORY: TOWARDS AN ARCHITECTURAL GEOGRAPHY ∗

Strategic planning is a technique from the commercial world which could assist geography departments in adapting to today's more demanding administrative environments and thereby further the development of the discipline. This paper sets out the fundamentals of planning as a prelude to a generic departmental plan. Key inclusions are explained and certain problems of application are discussed, should departments adopt such an approach.     

论海权与航空母舰时代的中国海军建设

随着全球化进程的加快,中国正日益走向世界。作为连接世界各大洲的媒介,海洋对于中国未来的发展具有越来越重大的意义。然而,中国的海洋利益正不断遭到周边国家侵蚀。为保卫自身的海洋权益,中国必须发展自身的海权。发展海权的核心之一在于建设强大海军,中国现有的海军力量尚不足以担负起这个重任。为了满足国家利益和国家战略的需要,中国海军必须在军种战略、编制体制、兵力结构等方面进行调整,并在科学技术、军事训练等方面取得长足进步。     

深圳华侨城湿地物种多样性及其保护研究

深圳华侨城湿地位于珠江口深圳湾北岸,通过箱涵与深圳湾海水相通,总面积69万m2,水域面积约50万m2,是深圳湾湿地生态系统的重要组成部分。对华侨城湿地植被、鸟类、底栖生物、浮游生物的多样性进行了调查,结果表明:华侨城湿地共有植物60科162种,其中真红树植物5科6属7种,半红树植物3科4属5种,外来入侵植物27种;鸟类共有12目36科101种,约占深圳湾鸟类总种数的50%,其中国家Ⅱ级重点保护野生鸟类6种;共鉴定出藻类5门11属14种;浮游动物25种。华侨城湿地面临严重的生态危机,主要包括入侵植物大面积分布、物种单一,鸟类、底栖生物类等生物多样性与福田红树林保护区及凤塘河口相比较低,并据此提出了相应的保护建议。