浅析如何在溶剂萃取机理研究中正确使用斜率法

斜率法是萃取机理研究最为常用的方法之一。尽管其理论基础和使用方法非常简单,但该方法却常常被误用,导致其非但不能有效的确定萃取机理,反而产生了误导性结论。本文以t-BAMBP萃取碱金属离子(K~+、Rb~+、Cs~+)体系为例讨论了常见的错误用法以及造成这类情况的根源问题,之后对其他萃取体系中类似错误用法进行了简要评述,表明斜率法的错误使用主要源于对萃取反应方程式的错误假定及对工作方程推导过程中引入的近似处理理解不当。最后总结了在萃取机理研究中正确使用斜率法的几点注意事项。     

Farmer-based Rice Cropping Systems in the Poyang Lake Region,China: Analysis of Characteristics and Policy Implications

This paper examines the spatial characteristics of farmer/household behaviors in regional rice cropping systems (RCS), and the results provide necessary information for developing strategies that will maintain regional food security. Through field study and statistical analysis based on 402 households questionnaires finished in 2014-2015 in the Poyang Lake Region (PLR) of China, we arrived at two main conclusions. First, single- and double cropping rice were found across the study area, but showed a general distribution trend, with double cropping rice in the southeast part (especially in Jinxian county) and single cropping rice in the northwest (particularly in De’an county). Second, the household decisions concerning RCS varied in different parts of the PLR, but double cropping was the dominant type, with about 63.57% of the respondent households in the PLR cultivating double cropping rice. However, the multiple-cropping index of paddy rice was only 1.55. About 3% of interviewed households had altered their RCS during this period. Based on these findings, the local governments should guide farmers’ paddy field cultivation behaviors by increasing the comparative efficiency of rice production, promoting appropriate scale operations and land conversion, as well as optimizing rice growing conditions to improve the multiple cropping index and enhance food provision. Finally, land-use efficiency and more sustainable use of land resources should be improved.     

Livelihood strategy change and land use change —Case of Danzam Village in upper Dadu River watershed, Tibetan Plateau of China

Land use change in rural China since the 1980s, induced by institution reforms, urbanization, industrialization and population increase, has received more attention. However, case studies on how institution reforms affect farmers’ livelihood strategies and drive land use change are scarce. By means of cropland plots investigations and interviews with farmers, this study examines livelihood strategy change and land use change in Danzam Village of Jinchuan County in the upper Dadu River watershed, eastern Tibetan Plateau, China. The results show that, during the collective system period, as surplus labor forces could not be transferred to the secondary and tertiary industries, they had to choose agricultural involution as their livelihood strategy, then the farmers had to produce more grains by land reclamation, increasing multiple cropping index, improving input of labor, fertilizer, pesticide and adopting advanced agricultural techniques. During the household responsibility system period, as labors being transferred to the secondary and tertiary industries, farmers chose livelihood diversification strategy. Therefore, labor input to grain planting was greatly reduced, which drove the transformation of grain to horticulture, vegetable or wasteland and decrease of multiple cropping index. This study provides a new insight into understanding linkages among institution reforms, livelihood strategy of smallholders and land use change in rural China. Foundation item: Under the auspices of National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 40601006, 40471009), National Basic Research Program of China (No. 2005CB422006)     

基于数字工程理念的数字城市建设策略

数字工程就是利用数字技术整合、挖掘和综合利用地理空间信息和其他专题信息的系统工程,是一门空间信息科学、计算机科学、通信科学、管理科学与经济人文科学的广泛交叉学科.数字城市是数字工程的典型应用.在概念辨析的基础上,分析了数字城市的认识误区;结合数字工程的基本原理,分析了数字城市的总体工程结构,提出了建设策略.     

中国海相碳酸盐岩的储层类型、勘探领域及勘探战略

中国海相碳酸盐岩有效储层成因类型主要包括古风化壳岩溶储层、礁滩储层及层状白云岩储层三大类。陆上中—古生界盆地三类储层均有分布,海上第三系盆地主要发育礁滩储层。针对我国海相油气地质特别是陆上中—古生界油气成藏的复杂性,提出应该加强对勘探及认识程度相对较低的礁滩储层形成的原生岩性-成岩圈闭油气藏的研究与勘探工作。石灰岩古风化壳岩溶储层具有强烈的非均质性,白云岩储层的含油气性比较依赖于有效储盖组合及构造圈闭。鉴于我国海相油气资源潜力巨大、勘探程度较低,故应该加强海相油气资源特别是陆上主要盆地海相油气资源及南海油气资源的研究与勘探开发,尤其要加强层序地层及岩相古地理编图等基础油气地质研究工作。     

珠江口滨海湿地退化现状、原因及保护对策

2007年和2008年秋季对珠江口滨海湿地进行了环境现状综合调查,结果表明,珠江口滨海湿地退化主要表现在4个方面:天然湿地面积减少、湿地生产力不断下降、湿地环境状况持续恶化和湿地景观破碎化。珠江口滨海湿地退化的原因主要为滩涂开发与围填海、污染物排放、养殖污染、海平面上升、过度捕捞、海砂开采和港口码头建设以及水土资源开发等因素。滨海湿地保护与利用对策主要有:制定有关滨海湿地保护的法律法规和湿地保护与利用规划;加强人才队伍建设和滨海湿地有关技术研究;建立滨海湿地动态监测体系;加大滨海湿地保护区建设的力度;加强宣传和教育。     

上海海洋邮轮旅游的发展策略研究

海洋邮轮旅游产业在现代旅游业的发展中有极大的潜力。近些年来,邮轮旅游产业被誉为"漂浮在黄金水道上的黄金产业"。随着中国经济的发展,我国邮轮旅游业迅速兴起,使多级邮轮市场开始向中国倾斜,成为带动中国经济发展的新动力。文章首先对比了邮轮旅游业国内外的研究现状和理论分析方法,并介绍了上海海洋邮轮旅游业目前的发展现状;其次用"SWOT"分析法的角度讨论了上海邮轮旅游业面临的机会和威胁;最后针对上海海洋邮轮旅游产业,分别从改善环境、扩大宣传、丰富航线和完善港口设施等方面提出了邮轮旅游业的长期发展方向。     

中国经济地理学发展困境与对策刍议

探讨了当前中国经济地理学发展中出现的哲学、分支体系、理论、方法论、研究方向和高等教育等6方面问题,并从中国经济地理学学科建设角度,分别对中国经济地理学的哲学、学科分支、理论体系、方法论和研究领域进行了梳理,对各自发展作了展望。     

宁夏河东沙地不同坡度柠条锦鸡儿（Caragana korshinskii）水分利用策略差异

为探讨全球气候变化背景下多元线性混合模型（IsoSource）和贝叶斯混合模型（MixSIAR）解析宁夏河东沙地柠条锦鸡儿（Caragana korshinskii）水分利用策略差异及适用性,利用氢氧稳定同位素技术,结合直接对比法、IsoSource模型和MixSIAR模型对比分析不同坡度（6°、10°、16°和24°）样地柠条锦鸡儿在生长季不同时期对各潜在水源的利用率,并评估两种模型的植物水分溯源效果。结果表明：柠条锦鸡儿对不同土层深度土壤水的利用存在明显的季节性差异,生长季初期,随着坡度的增大,柠条锦鸡儿对中层土壤水的利用率呈现出先增大后减小的趋势;生长季中期,随坡度增大,柠条锦鸡儿主要水分来源由深层土壤转移至浅层土壤;生长季后期,柠条锦鸡儿主要水分来源随着坡度的增大由浅层土壤转移至深层土壤。基于直接对比法的定性判断结果,IsoSource模型和MixSIAR模型计算坡度6°、10°和16°样地柠条锦鸡儿主要水分来源利用率的适用性均较高;而Mix-SIAR模型计算坡度24°样地柠条锦鸡儿主要的水分来源以及其贡献率具有更高的可靠性。Iso-Source模型更适合解析较小坡度（6°和1...     

Semi-active model predictive control for 3rd generation benchmark problem using smart dampers

A semi-active strategy for model predictive control (MPC), in which magneto-rheological dampers are used as an actuator, is presented for use in reducing the nonlinear seismic response of high-rise buildings. A multi-step predictive model is developed to estimate the seismic performance of high-rise buildings, taking into account of the effects of nonlinearity, time-variability, model mismatching, and disturbances and uncertainty of controlled system parameters by the predicted error feedback in the multi-step predictive model. Based on the predictive model, a Kalman-Bucy observer suitable for semi-active strategy is proposed to estimate the state vector from the acceleration and semi-active control force feedback. The main advantage of the proposed strategy is its inherent stability, simplicity, on-line real-time operation, and the ability to handle nonlinearity, uncertainty, and time-variability properties of structures. Numerical simulation of the nonlinear seismic responses of a controlled 20-story benchmark building is carried out, and the simulation results are compared to those of other control systems. The results show that the developed semi-active strategy can efficiently reduce the nonlinear seismic response of high-rise buildings.