南麂列岛海域蟹类群落结构及其与环境因子的关系

根据2013年11月、2014年2月、5月、9月在南麂列岛国家海洋自然保护区海域进行生物资源调查所获得的资料,分析了南麂列岛海域蟹类种类组成、优势种、生物多样性等群落结构特征,并定量分析了群落结构与水文环境因子之间的关系。结果表明,周年4个季度月调查共鉴定出蟹类21种,隶属7科、12属,其中优势种为三疣梭子蟹（Portunus trituberculatus）、日本蟳（Charybdis bimaculata）和双斑蟳（Charybdis bimaculata）3种。不同季节的蟹类种类组成差异较大,而优势种类组成变化较少,其中,以秋季的蟹类种类数最多,冬季最少。从不同水深区域的渔获种类分布趋势来看,蟹类种类以20~30 m水深带较多,30~40 m水深带较少。夏季多样性指数低于其他季节,以水深来看,多样性指数在10~20 m水深带较高,30~40 m水深带较低,蟹类多样性指数与水深呈反比。根据冗余分析认为,水深、水温和盐度是影响调查海域蟹类种类组成和群落结构特征的主要环境因子。     

Significant genetic differentiation among meroplanktonic barrel jellyfish Rhizostoma pulmo (Cnidaria: Scyphozoa) in the Mediterranean Sea

Molecular data have shown that jellyfishes are more geographically restricted and evolutionarily divergent than previously thought. We examined genetic variation and divergence within the meroplanktonic barrel jellyfish Rhizostoma pulmo in the Mediterranean Sea; specific sampling areas were the northern Adriatic, western Mediterranean and Tunisian coast. A total of 19 sampling sites and 68 sequences of the mtDNA cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene were used. Of the 68 COI sequences, 45 were newly collected specimens which originated from nine sampling sites along the Tunisian coast. A total of 24 haplotypes were obtained and the specimens sampled were characterised by relatively high levels of haplotype diversity (h = 0.866) and low levels of nucleotide diversity (π = 0.004). Haplotype network analysis showed the presence of three distinct phylogenetic lineages (populations), with separate geographic ranges in the northern Adriatic, western Mediterranean and Tunisian coast. The observed genetic differentiation between these three lineages was supported by the presence of significant genetic differentiation between the 19 populations (F_ST = 0.757, p < 0.001). The high level of genetic differentiation detected in the barrel jellyfish investigated could be attributed to either intrinsic and/or extrinsic barriers to genetic exchange between different populations that may have adapted to different environmental conditions.     

米仓山前缘早志留世软沉积物变形构造及其触发机制

地质历史时期软沉积物变形构造在不同时空沉积岩中均有分布,然而学术界对其变形过程、作用力及触发机制等仍存在许多争议。通过对米仓山前缘野外露头观测,早志留世砂岩、粉砂岩、页岩地层中,发育有多套软沉积物变形构造,其层位分布稳定,但不同层位的形态特征差异较大,包括波浪状变形层构造、包卷层理、枕状（椭球状）构造、火焰构造等,多与丘状交错层理相伴生,可分为三种组合类型,均发育于中陆棚沉积环境中。基于该区软沉积物变形构造特征,结合碳同位素分析、古气候、古板块资料,并与现代飓风研究成果对比,认为研究区早志留世时大体上处于风暴频繁的炎热环境,区内软沉积物变形构造多为风暴作用的结果,较强的风暴触及海底,使未固结成岩的沉积物的孔隙压力增加,切变强度降低,使之液化,进而发生变形。米仓山前缘早志留世软沉积物变形构造的发现及其触发机制的探讨对区内古地理、古气候的恢复,以及古扬子板块的演化具有重要的意义。     

基于二次重现期的城市两级排涝标准衔接的设计暴雨

使用珠海市1984—2015年R_1h-R_6h、R_1h-R_12h、R_1h-R_24h3个历时暴雨组合推算排水排涝两级标准衔接的设计暴雨水平。应用阿基米德极值Copula与Kendall分布函数构建不同历时暴雨组合的联合概率分布模式。分析各历时暴雨组合的遭遇概率、"或"重现期、"且"重现期和二次重现期,以出现最大可能概率的方法推算各组合的设计暴雨值。结果表明:二次重现期所对应的累积频率更准确地代表了特定设计频率情况下不同历时暴雨组合的风险率;重现期分别为2年、3年、5年、10年、20年、50年、100年推算的二次重现期设计值介于"或"重现期和"且"重现期设计值之间,小于相应的边缘分布重现期设计值,R_1h-R_{6 h}组合推算的设计值相对误差为3.1%~7.1%;R_1h-R_12h组合推算的设计值相对误差为3.3%~9.3%;R_{1 h}-R_{24 h}组合推算的设计值相对误差为3.9%~12.0%。二次重现期推算的不同历时暴雨组合的设计暴雨分位值为内涝工程的风险管理和管渠尺寸提供了优选标准和设计参考。     

Bloom forming species of phytoplankton in two coastal waters in the Southeast coast of India

The results of an investigation carried out during June 2005 to May 2007 on bloom-forming phytoplankton species composition and abundance in the Parangipettai and Coleroon coastal waters(Southeast coast of India) are reported.Air and surface water temperatures(℃) varied from 25.1 to 30.1 and 24.5 to 28.5,respectively,in the former waters and from 25.5 to 31.2 and 25.0 to 29.3 in the latter waters.The respective salinities varied from 6.0 to 28.5 and 5.0 to 33.1 and the respective pH ranged between 7.0 and 8.3 and 7.2 and 8.3.Correspondingly,the dissolved oxygen content varied from 3.1 to 7.5 and 3.1 to 7.9 mgL-1 while the light extinction coefficient(LEC) values ranged between 3.1 and 10.1 and 1.8 and 11.0.The content ranges of inorganic nutrients,i.e.,nitrate,nitrite,phosphate and silicate(μmolL-1),in the Parangipettai and Coleroon coastal waters were:6.5-27.0;1.0-8.9;0.1-3.0 and 15.0-140 and 10.1-23.4;1.2-8.9;0.2-3.1 and 55-125 respectively.The chlorophyll a contents in both waters ranged from 2.0-7.5 μgL-1.Presently,124 phytoplankton species representing different classes were recorded in the Coleroon coast,viz,Bacillariophyceae(77);Dinophyceae(19);Cyanophyceae(15);Chlorophyceae(10) and Chrysophyceae(3),whereas 117 phytoplankton species were recorded in the Parangipettai coast,viz,Bacillariophyceae(66);Dinophyceae(22);Cyanophyceae(19);Chlorophyceae(7) and Chrysophyceae(3).The phytoplankton cell abundance in the Parangipettai and Coleroon coastal waters varied from 290 to 111662 and 140 to 132 757 cells L-1,respectively,with peak diversity(3.38 and 3.52 bits ind-1.) recorded in summer.The maximum abundance occurred in summer coinciding with the stable hydrographical conditions.The seasonal distribution and abundance of phytoplankton are discussed in relation to hydrographical parameters.Totally 31 and 24 species of phytoplankton were found to be bloom-forming in the Parangipettai and Coleroon coastal waters,respectively.Presently Trichodesmium bloom was also observed,which appeared at the 10 fathom level of the coastal water and quickly spread to the marine zone of the Vellar estuary and near the mouth region of the mangrove waters.The Parangipettai and Coleroon coastal waters are subject to long term fluctuations in physico-chemical conditions depending upon the seasonal tidal range and freshwater influx,resulting in a continuous exchange of organic,inorganic,plant and animal matters.     

Distribution of boulders at Miyara Bay of Ishigaki Island,Japan: A flow characteristic indicator of tsunami and storm waves

This study investigates the distribution of boulders at Miyara Bay of Ishigaki Island, Japan. These boulders were deposited on a reef flat extending approximately 400–1300 m in width. Most boulders were rectangular to ellipsoidal, without sharp broken edges. They are reef and coral rock fragments estimated as <335 m³ (<633 t). Locally in the bay, the relationship between the boulder weight and position shows that boulders of a given weight have a clear limit on seaward distribution on the reef flat. For example, more than 1, 10, and 100 tons of boulders were deposited, respectively, more than 500, 300, and 100 m from the reef edge. The line is consistent with the possible landward transport limit by maximum storm waves at the Ryukyu Islands, suggesting that the line was formed by the reworking of some boulders by maximally strong storm waves, although we can not exclude the possibility that the line was formed by tsunamis. Furthermore, 68% of boulders at the bay are deposited beyond this line. Therefore, the presence of these boulders at their present positions is difficult to explain solely by storm waves, implying the possible tsunami origin of these boulders. The boulders are characteristically concentrated along the high‐tide line, suggesting the drastic reduction of the tsunami hydraulic force along the line. Previous studies using radiocarbon age dating, as well as our study, imply that at least 69 boulders at Miyara Bay were probably deposited at their present positions by the 1771 Meiwa tsunami, although some of these boulders might have been emplaced and displaced on the reef flat by prior tsunami or storm surges.     

2004年11月磁暴期间环电流的演化过程——TC-2卫星中性原子成像仪观测结果

本文通过对TC-2卫星上搭载的中性原子成像仪(NUADU)在2004年11月发生的一次大磁暴期间观测到的一系列中性原子(ENA)图像的分析,试图给出环电流在磁暴期间的演化模式.研究表明,南向的行星际磁场(IMF)分量在离子从磁尾向内磁层注入和随后的环电流增长过程中起着关键的作用.IMF转为北向后,离子注入随即很快停止.在离子注入增强期间,离子的漂移路径是开放的,以致大量环电流离子从黄昏侧注入后快速地损失在黄昏至正午的磁层顶.所以,环电流往往在离子漂移路径从开放变为封闭后才达到最大强度,而不是在这之前,尽管那时的离子注入强度更大.在该磁暴主相期间,离子注入发生在17∶00~22∶00 LT范围内,形成极其不对称的环电流分布形态.而在恢复相期间,由于受大的IMF B_y分量的影响,离子注入区的地方时分布范围东向扩张.对称环电流在磁尾对流减小、离子漂移路径变为封闭形态之后形成.在磁暴恢复相后期,从ENA图像看环电流基本衰减到平静时期的水平,而Dst指数仍然显示较强的磁扰动,这说明越尾电流对Dst指数有很重要的影响.     

地电场日变幅与地电暴分析

利用昌黎台地电场资料分析地电场日变幅季节变化特征,显示有季节效应,EW、SN测向夏季日变幅地震最大,而出现最小值的季节两测向表现不一。分析认为,与地电场观测信号的复杂多样性有关。地电暴可以记录到磁暴急始变幅、初相、主相的变化形态,但由于电场和磁场之间存在一阶差分的关系,并不是所有地电暴都和地磁暴变化一致,甚至有些地电暴没有变化形态,而是出现高频上下起伏的脉冲形式。利用多台地电场资料,对同一个K指数为7的磁暴进行急始变幅、扰动最大变幅分析,结果显示,各台不尽相同,可能与台址介质的电性结构有关。     

盐尘暴及其生态效应

总结了盐尘暴的概念及其一般特征,系统分析了盐尘暴的发生条件、分布、扩散沉积和生态效应。盐尘暴是由干旱、半干旱地区干涸湖底蒸发盐风蚀所致的一种化学尘暴;大面积松散富盐沉积物和频繁的大风天气是其发生的基本条件;盐尘暴扩散过程中沉积通量和化学组分随迁移距离表现出明显的分异规律;盐尘暴扩散导致干旱区“盐随风来”,致使土壤盐渍化,加剧冰雪消融,抑制植物叶片对营养元素的正常吸收。系统认识盐尘暴对干旱区灾害防治和生态建设具有重要指导意义。