金伯利岩的卫星影像识别标志及应用实例

金刚石矿是我国的急缺矿种,具有很高的工业价值和经济价值。但是,过去的 50 年中国在寻找金刚石矿上始终没有取得突破。在科学理解金伯利岩火山地貌形态的基础上,利用卫星影像识别技术,建立一个地区金伯利岩的卫星影像识别标志,能够在金刚石矿靶区范围内有效地缩小目标。这些都是要建立在野外和室内的反复认证的基础之上。本文以世界著名的博兹瓦纳境内两个著名的金刚石矿,结合山东临沂和湖南常德地区的具体实例来推断金伯利岩的存在。在寻找金伯利岩时,理解金伯利质火山是玛珥-管道火山体是寻找金伯利质火山管道的基础,重视对低平圆形地质体成因的研究,建立一个地区的小型圆形地质体的卫星影像识别标准是一个野外和室内反复验证和积累经验的过程。     

深度学习在煤层气测井解释中的应用研究

将常规储层测井解释方法应用于煤层气储层测井解释,其效果存在一定的折扣。为了改善传统方法在煤层气测井解释中出现的问题,将深度学习的思想引入测井解释,提出受限玻尔兹曼机的数量、受限玻尔兹曼机隐含层神经元数量、分类阈值的确定方法,利用深度信念网络进行煤层识别及煤层气含气量的预测。实验结果表明：首先,在交会图法效果不好的情况下,通过深度信念网络进行煤层识别,继而对识别结果进行适当校正,煤层识别成功率可达到90%以上;其次,经过多种方法的对比,利用深度信念网络进行煤层气含气量预测的效果,要好于BP神经网络、多元回归统计以及Langmuir方程三种方法。深度学习改进了传统的BP神经网络,具备更强的复杂函数泛化能力,适用于煤层气测井解释,并具有进一步的推广价值。     

A fast identification method based on the typical geophysical differences between submarine shallow carbonates and hydrate bearing sediments in the northern South China Sea

Bottom simulating reflector (BSR) has been recognized as one of the indicators of gas hydrates. However, BSR and hydrate are not one-to-one correspondence. In the Xisha area of South China Sea (SCS), carbonate rocks wildly develop, which continuously distribute parallel to the seafloor with high amplitude on seismic sections, exhibiting reflections similar to BSRs in the Shenhu area nearby. This phenomenon causes some interference to hydrates identification. In this paper, the authors discussed the typical geophysical differences between carbonate rocks and hydrates, indicating that the main difference exists in relationship between porosity and velocity, causing different amplitude versus offset (AVO) characters. Then the authors proposed a new model assuming that the carbonates form the matrix and the hydrate fill the pore as a part of the matrix. The key modeling parameters have been optimized constrained by P-velocities and S-velocities simultaneously, and the model works well both for carbonate rock and gas hydrate bearing sediments. For quantitative identification, the authors calculated the velocities when carbonates and hydrates form the matrix together in different proportions. Then they proposed a carbonate and hydrate identification template (CHIT), in which the possible hydrate saturation (PHS) and possible carbonate content (PCC) can be both scaled out for a group of sample composed by P-velocity and S-velocity. If PHS is far larger than PCC, it is more likely to be a hydrate sample because carbonates and hydrates do not coexist normally. The real data application shows that the template can effectively distinguish between hydrates and carbonate rocks, consequently reducing the risk of hydrate exploration.     

多特征约束下的复杂交叉路口主辅路识别

主干道、辅路的准确识别对于实现复杂交叉路口的自动综合至关重要。传统方法多依赖于路段的笔直程度和弯曲程度描述路口的主干道和辅路,然而复杂交叉路口结构错综复杂、形态变化多样,仅依赖这两种特征进行主辅路识别的准确度有限,且部分形态相似的主辅路无法识别。为此,本文提出了一种多特征约束下的复杂交叉路口主辅路识别方法。首先提取复杂交叉路口的特征点,根据特征点对弧段进行打断,依据路段的笔直程度识别出平行弧段;然后依据道路延展性、角度、距离等特征识别平行簇获取复杂交叉路口中的主干道;最后通过紧凑度和距离关系识别匝道获取复杂交叉路口中的辅路。以南京OSM城市路网为例的试验表明,本文方法能够准确识别出复杂交叉路口的主干道和辅助路段,识别精度分别达到93.60%和89.43%。     

百年尺度东海内陆架风暴事件重建:器测记录与沉积记录耦合

未来全球变化可能带来极端事件的强度增加、频度提高,加之海面上升加快,给海岸带防灾减灾工作带来更新防护标准的课题。由于台风的器测记录时间较短,需要从其他载体寻找替代指标以延长台风记录的时间跨度,这样才能更好地估计极端事件的强度–频率关系。陆架泥质区的风暴事件沉积记录和历史文献中的有关灾害记录,是拓展台风记录的两个方向。本文试图通过台风观测记录与沉积记录的耦合,重建百年尺度东海内陆架泥质区的风暴事件沉积记录,并与气象灾害记载的台风暴潮成灾事件相印证,以期探讨陆架泥对台风事件的保存潜力,及其可能反映的台风信息(如路径和强度)。2018年在浙江温岭近海采集了2 m长的柱样沉积物(J1),通过多指标(粒径分布、D₉₀、Zr/Fe、Sr/Al、Ca)综合识别出台风沉积事件;采用放射性同位素210Pb定年法确定沉积物的年代序列,将识别的台风沉积记录与器测台风记录通过时间标尺进行耦合分析。结果显示,J1的沉积速率约为1.1 cm/a,年代跨度大约是1836年至2018年;整根柱样共识别出25次台风沉积事件,其中气象观测时期(1950?2018年)有10次台风事件留下了沉积记录,这10次台风的平均风速与影响J1的所有台风平均风速比较接近,且大多数属于登陆浙闽、成灾较严重的III型和IV型台风。通过多变量综合分析,发现就J1而言,沉积记录中台风事件的保存潜力约为30%;另外,历史文献中记载的台风事件可能偏重于登陆、成灾的较强台风,因而文献记录的台风数量显著少于实际产生影响的台风数量。这些认识有助于更好地利用沉积记录中保存的台风事件拓展台风记录的时间跨度,也有助于指导未来的采样地点,以尽可能多地获得保存更完整的台风沉积记录。     

Impacts of Land Fragmentation and Cropping System on the Productivity and Efficiency of Grain Producers in the North China Plain: Taking Cangxian County of Hebei Province as an Example

Land fragmentation is widely known to have an impact on farm performance. However, previous studies investigating this impact mainly focused on a single crop, and only limited data from China are available. This study considers multiple crops to identify the impact of land fragmentation (LF), as well as cropping system (CS), on farm productivity and the efficiency of grain producers in the North China Plain (NCP), using Cangxian County of Hebei Province as an example. Detailed household- and plot-level survey data are applied and four stochastic frontier and inefficiency models are developed. These models include different sets of key variables in either the production function or the inefficiency models, in order to investigate all possibilities of their influences on farm productivity and efficiency. The results show that LF plays a significant and detrimental role, affecting both productivity and efficiency. A positive effect is evident with respect to the CS variable, i.e., multiple cropping index (MCI), and the wheat-maize double CS, rather than the maize single CS, is usually associated with higher farm productivity and efficiency. In addition to LF and CS, four basic production input variables (labor, seed, pesticide and irrigation), also significantly affect farmers’ productivity, while the age of the household head and the ratio of the off-farm labor to total labor are significantly relevant to technical inefficiency. Policies geared toward the promotion of land transfer and the rational adjustment of cropping systems are recommended for boosting farm productivity and efficiency, and thus maintaining the food supply while mitigating the overexploitation of groundwater in the NCP.     

基于LGCP的城市管理事件空间点模式分析

数字化城管系统累积了大量城管事件历史数据,充分挖掘事件背后的空间分布模式和事件成因机制能够为城管部门的管控工作提供决策支持。论文利用Log Gaussian Cox Processes(LGCP)模型分析了西北某地H市P区的街面秩序类、市容环境类和宣传广告类城管事件之间的空间分布差异和事件成因影响差异。研究发现：① 3类城管事件都呈现出明显的空间聚集,其空间聚集尺度最远不超过924 m;② 各类事件聚集的特征各不相同,街面秩序类贴近城区主要干道,呈路网状。市容环境类表现出在城区中心块状聚集,周边地区零星分散的特征。宣传广告类靠近交通干线呈长条状,靠近商业中区域呈块状分布;③ 城区内不同类别的POI对城管事件的影响大小不同。购物服务类、医疗保健类和居民住宅类表现出最显著的影响,说明特定区域内人群的流量和密度是影响城管事件分布的重要因素,人群的流动和聚集会加剧城管事件数量的增加。研究结果能够满足城管部门的城管事件空间分布热点识别以及事件成因分析的需求。     

基于海面高度数据的全球海洋多核涡旋探测和统计

This study produced a statistical analysis of multicore eddy structures based on 23 years' altimetry data in global oceans. Multicore structures were identified using a threshold-free closed-contour algorithm of sea surface height, which was improved for this study in respect of certain technical details. Meanwhile a more accurate definition of eddy boundary was used to estimate eddy scale. Generally, multicore structures, which have two or more closed eddies of the same polarity within their boundaries, represent an important transitional stage in their lives during which the component eddies might experience splitting or merging. In comparison with global eddies, the lifetimes and propagation distances of multicore eddies were found to be much smaller because of their inherent structural instability. However, at the same latitude, the spatial scale of multicore eddies was found larger than that of single-core eddies, i.e., the eddy area could be at least twice as large. Multicore eddies were found to exhibit some features similar to global eddies. For example, multicore eddies tend to occur in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, some western boundary currents, and mid-latitude regions around 25°N/S, the majority(70%) of eddies propagate westward while only 30% propagate eastward, and large-amplitude eddies are restricted mainly to reasonably confined regions of highly unstable currents.     

目标激光脉冲一维距离成像研究

根据激光雷达方程及粗糙面脉冲波束散射理论,提出了目标激光脉冲后向散射回波功率即激光一维距离像的计算表达式,并获得斜板、球和圆锥一维距离像的具体形式.数值计算结果与粗糙平板和圆锥激光脉冲回波强度实验数据比较,两者符合良好.数据分析表明,激光一维距离像曲线能够较好反映目标的纵向几何外形信息.我们着重讨论了入射激光脉冲宽度与目标径向尺寸对距离像的影响.上述研究可为激光波段的目标特征提取和识别提供理论依据.     

Coherent beam combining of hybrid phase control in master oscillator-power amplifier configuration

A novel scalable architecture for coherent beam combining with hybrid phase control involving passive phasing and active phasing in master oscillator-power amplifier configuration is presented. Wide-linewidth mutually injected passive phasing fibre laser arrays serve as master oscillators for the power amplifiers, and the active phasing using stochastic parallel gradient descent algorithm is induced. Wide-linewidth seed laser can suppress the stimulated Brillouin scattering effectively and improve the output power of the fibre laser amplifier, while hybrid phase control provides a robust way for in-phase mode coherent beam combining simultaneously. Experiment is performed by active phasing fibre laser amplifiers with passive phasing fibre ring laser array seed lasers. Power encircled in the main-lobe increases1.57 times and long-exposure fringe contrast is obtained to be 78% when the system evolves from passive phasing to hybrid phasing.