白垩系饱和冻结砂岩蠕变试验及本构模型研究

冻结法作为穿越富水软岩地层的重要施工方法,冻结壁的长期稳定性对于工程安全有着至关重要的作用。蠕变破坏是诱发冻结壁变形的显著特点之一,对研究冻结岩石蠕变的特性有重要的理论和工程意义。以白垩系饱和冻结砂岩为研究对象,开展–10 ℃低温冻结条件下,不同围压（0、2、4、6 MPa）的三轴蠕变力学试验。分析了饱和冻结砂岩蠕变变形,根据现有黏弹塑性模型开展了参数辨识并探究蠕变参数的变化规律,基于此提出考虑温度及损伤效应的蠕变本构模型。研究结果表明：低温冻结削弱蠕变过程中颗粒间的相互胶结力,使其蠕变特征明显;而围压却在一定程度上抑制饱和冻结砂岩内部损伤的发展,导致稳态蠕变速率随围压的升高出现明显的下降趋势。随围压的增加饱和冻结砂岩的蠕变破坏形态呈现出从剪切破坏到张拉破坏再到局部塑形硬化破坏的变化过程。在黏弹塑性模型的基础上,总结蠕变参数 、 和 随荷载的增加呈现先增后减的趋势,拐点为屈服应力;而参数 在大于屈服应力后出现并呈现先增后减的趋势。结合冻结岩石蠕变数据对定义的应力-低温耦合蠕变本构模型进行了参数辨识,并将该模型的计算结果与蠕变试验数据对比,验证所建立非线性模型的正确性与合理性。     

A fast identification method based on the typical geophysical differences between submarine shallow carbonates and hydrate bearing sediments in the northern South China Sea

Bottom simulating reflector (BSR) has been recognized as one of the indicators of gas hydrates. However, BSR and hydrate are not one-to-one correspondence. In the Xisha area of South China Sea (SCS), carbonate rocks wildly develop, which continuously distribute parallel to the seafloor with high amplitude on seismic sections, exhibiting reflections similar to BSRs in the Shenhu area nearby. This phenomenon causes some interference to hydrates identification. In this paper, the authors discussed the typical geophysical differences between carbonate rocks and hydrates, indicating that the main difference exists in relationship between porosity and velocity, causing different amplitude versus offset (AVO) characters. Then the authors proposed a new model assuming that the carbonates form the matrix and the hydrate fill the pore as a part of the matrix. The key modeling parameters have been optimized constrained by P-velocities and S-velocities simultaneously, and the model works well both for carbonate rock and gas hydrate bearing sediments. For quantitative identification, the authors calculated the velocities when carbonates and hydrates form the matrix together in different proportions. Then they proposed a carbonate and hydrate identification template (CHIT), in which the possible hydrate saturation (PHS) and possible carbonate content (PCC) can be both scaled out for a group of sample composed by P-velocity and S-velocity. If PHS is far larger than PCC, it is more likely to be a hydrate sample because carbonates and hydrates do not coexist normally. The real data application shows that the template can effectively distinguish between hydrates and carbonate rocks, consequently reducing the risk of hydrate exploration.     

A damage-based definition of effective peak acceleration

This paper presents a rational basis for obtaining the Effective Peak Acceleration (EPA) of a given ground motion process. The proposed formulation considers the statistical variability in the ground motion, and is centred on the idea of explicitly linking EPA with expected cumulative damage in the structures due to the inelastic excursions. The structural behaviour has been modelled by a Single-Degree-Of-Freedom (SDOF) bilinear hysteretic oscillator. EPA is considered to be the expected PGA of a scaled ground motion process such that this oscillator undergoes a specified expected damage under the unscaled process if it is linearly designed for the scaled process. For estimation of the damage, the oscillator has been replaced by an equivalent linear oscillator through stochastic averaging. A parametric study has been carried out to investigate the dependence of EPA on several governing parameters, and it has been shown that despite the strong dependence of EPA on oscillator time period, it may be possible to obtain ‘period-averaged’ EPA values for several ground motion processes for engineering applications. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A memory-matrix-based identification methodology for structural and mechanical systems

This paper uses an associative memory approach to identify the properties of structural and mechanical systems. The methodology differs from standard identification methods in that it uses a set of parameter vectors simultaneously to generate the estimated parameter vector. The method develops a technique for sequentially generating genetically engineered relevant parameter vectors whose use results in accurate identification, while still using small data sets. This makes the approach promising for on-line, rapid, identification of structures and their health monitoring. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Stochastic finite element methods for the seismic response of soils

Some of the available stochastic finite element methods are adapted and evaluated for the analyses of response of soils with uncertain properties subjected to earthquake induced random ground motion. In this study, the dynamic response of a soil mass, with finite element discretization, is formulated in the frequency domain. The spectral density function of the response variables are obtained from which the evaluation of the root-mean-squared and the most probable extreme values of the response are made. The material non-linearities are incorporated by using strain compatible moduli and damping of soils using an equivalent linear model for stress–strain behaviour of soils and an iterative solution of the response. The spatial variability of the shear modulus is described through a random field model and the earthquake included motion is treated as a stochastic process. The available formulations of direct Monte-Carlo simulation, first-order perturbation method, a spectral decomposition method with Neumann expansion and a spectral decomposition method with Polynomial Chaos are used to develop stochastic finite element analyses of the seismic response of soils. The numerical results from these approaches are compared with respect to their accuracy and computational efficiency. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.     

金伯利岩的卫星影像识别标志及应用实例

金刚石矿是我国的急缺矿种,具有很高的工业价值和经济价值。但是,过去的 50 年中国在寻找金刚石矿上始终没有取得突破。在科学理解金伯利岩火山地貌形态的基础上,利用卫星影像识别技术,建立一个地区金伯利岩的卫星影像识别标志,能够在金刚石矿靶区范围内有效地缩小目标。这些都是要建立在野外和室内的反复认证的基础之上。本文以世界著名的博兹瓦纳境内两个著名的金刚石矿,结合山东临沂和湖南常德地区的具体实例来推断金伯利岩的存在。在寻找金伯利岩时,理解金伯利质火山是玛珥-管道火山体是寻找金伯利质火山管道的基础,重视对低平圆形地质体成因的研究,建立一个地区的小型圆形地质体的卫星影像识别标准是一个野外和室内反复验证和积累经验的过程。     

深度学习在煤层气测井解释中的应用研究

将常规储层测井解释方法应用于煤层气储层测井解释,其效果存在一定的折扣。为了改善传统方法在煤层气测井解释中出现的问题,将深度学习的思想引入测井解释,提出受限玻尔兹曼机的数量、受限玻尔兹曼机隐含层神经元数量、分类阈值的确定方法,利用深度信念网络进行煤层识别及煤层气含气量的预测。实验结果表明：首先,在交会图法效果不好的情况下,通过深度信念网络进行煤层识别,继而对识别结果进行适当校正,煤层识别成功率可达到90%以上;其次,经过多种方法的对比,利用深度信念网络进行煤层气含气量预测的效果,要好于BP神经网络、多元回归统计以及Langmuir方程三种方法。深度学习改进了传统的BP神经网络,具备更强的复杂函数泛化能力,适用于煤层气测井解释,并具有进一步的推广价值。     

基于海面高度数据的全球海洋多核涡旋探测和统计

This study produced a statistical analysis of multicore eddy structures based on 23 years' altimetry data in global oceans. Multicore structures were identified using a threshold-free closed-contour algorithm of sea surface height, which was improved for this study in respect of certain technical details. Meanwhile a more accurate definition of eddy boundary was used to estimate eddy scale. Generally, multicore structures, which have two or more closed eddies of the same polarity within their boundaries, represent an important transitional stage in their lives during which the component eddies might experience splitting or merging. In comparison with global eddies, the lifetimes and propagation distances of multicore eddies were found to be much smaller because of their inherent structural instability. However, at the same latitude, the spatial scale of multicore eddies was found larger than that of single-core eddies, i.e., the eddy area could be at least twice as large. Multicore eddies were found to exhibit some features similar to global eddies. For example, multicore eddies tend to occur in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, some western boundary currents, and mid-latitude regions around 25°N/S, the majority(70%) of eddies propagate westward while only 30% propagate eastward, and large-amplitude eddies are restricted mainly to reasonably confined regions of highly unstable currents.     

多特征约束下的复杂交叉路口主辅路识别

主干道、辅路的准确识别对于实现复杂交叉路口的自动综合至关重要。传统方法多依赖于路段的笔直程度和弯曲程度描述路口的主干道和辅路,然而复杂交叉路口结构错综复杂、形态变化多样,仅依赖这两种特征进行主辅路识别的准确度有限,且部分形态相似的主辅路无法识别。为此,本文提出了一种多特征约束下的复杂交叉路口主辅路识别方法。首先提取复杂交叉路口的特征点,根据特征点对弧段进行打断,依据路段的笔直程度识别出平行弧段;然后依据道路延展性、角度、距离等特征识别平行簇获取复杂交叉路口中的主干道;最后通过紧凑度和距离关系识别匝道获取复杂交叉路口中的辅路。以南京OSM城市路网为例的试验表明,本文方法能够准确识别出复杂交叉路口的主干道和辅助路段,识别精度分别达到93.60%和89.43%。     

Preliminary results on relationship between thermal diffusivity and porosity of sea ice in the Antarctic

The in situ sea-ice temperature, salinity and density observed from Chinese Antarctic Zhongshan Station have been applied to calculate the vertical profile of sea ice porosity. Based on numerical method, a number of schemes on sea-ice thermal diffusivity versus porosity have been accessed and one optimized scheme is identified by an optimal control model with an advanced distributing parameter system. For simplicity, the internal heating source item was neglected in the heat conduction equation during the identification procedure. In order to illustrate the applicability of this identified scheme, the vertical ice temperature profiles have been simulated and compared with measurements, respectively by using identified scheme and by classical thermodynamic formulae.The comparisons indicated that the scheme describing sea-ice thermal diffusivity and porosity is reasonable. In spite of a minor improvement of accuracy of results against in situ data, the identified scheme has a more physical meaning and could be used potentially in various applications.