关于瞬变电磁法2.5维正演中的几个问题

这里讨论了瞬变电磁法2.5维正演模拟中的两个积分变换:傅里叶逆变换和拉普拉斯逆变换。针对发收距为零的中心回线方式瞬变电磁法,提出了在傅氏域中考察傅氏变换函数随波数的变化规律,进而根据曲线首尾支渐近线来划定波数覆盖的范围,然后同解析解对比,确定出最少个数的傅氏域波数。另外,介绍了只需对较少的拉氏变换变量作纯实数运算的拉普拉斯数值反演计算方法。通过对均匀半空间表面上垂直磁偶极子源形成的瞬变电磁场进行正演模拟,结果表明,关于傅氏域波数的范围划定原则及个数选取方案是合理的、拉氏逆变换算法也是切实可行的。     

Origin of high fluoride contents in groundwater of the Santa Maria Formation, Guarany Aquifer System, southern Brazil

Fluoride anomalies （up to 11 mg/L） have been detected in the porous confined Santa Maria Aquifer （Guarany Aquifer System） in the central region of Rio Grande do Sul State, southern Brazil, leading to endemic fluorosis. Two hypotheses are investigated concerning the fluoride origin： contamination by long-term phosphate-fertilizer application due to extensive tobacco plantation or lithogeochemical affiliation from regional rocks. The results are discussed based on statistical and geochemical modeling and stable isotope data of water, nitrate and sulfate. Field monitoring of phreatic and confined aquifer during two years and laboratory leaching and retention experiments were performed. Regional statistical analysis （factorial and cluster analysis） on the basis of 350 wells discriminates four different hydrochemical groups in the confined aquifer, considering magnesium, calcium bicarbonate, sodium chlorinate and sodium bicarbonate as specific parameters. The last two groups reach higher fluoride contents and represent deeper aquifer levels where geochemical modeling shows carbonates （calcite and dolomite） are of super-saturation. The laboratory experiments confirmed that local soils with high CTC and aluminum contents （Udults） represent an efficient geochemical barrier, preserving the aquifer from fluoride contamination and supporting remediation strategies for fluoride removal. δ^18O and δD groundwater data and the local meteoric water line （LMWL） indicate that local precipitation is the main groundwater recharge source in the area.     

GPS快速精密定位的随机模型研究

综合与归纳了GPS精密定位的三种比较实用的随机模型,提出了将这三种随机模型用于GPS快速精密定位中,通过两个实例分析了三种随机模型对GPS快速精密定位的精度影响,得出几点有益的结论。     

Strong ground motion prediction using macro–micro analysis method

The authors propose a new analysis method, called the macro–micro analysis method (MMAM) in a companion paper. (Earthquake Engng. Struct. Dyn., this issue) for strong motion prediction with higher resolution and accuracy. The MMAM takes advantage of the bounding medium theory to obtain optimistic and pessimistic estimates of the expected strong motion and the singular perturbation expansion that leads to an efficient multi‐scale analysis. The results of the numerical simulation with the MMAM are given as the sum of waves of low resolution covering the whole city and waves of high resolution for each part of the city. While the huge computation amount is reduced by the MMAM, the computation amount is huge still. For resolving this problem, this paper applies the finite element method with voxel element to numerical simulation tools after some numerical verification. To reproduce complicated material properties of surface soft deposits, fundamental hysteresis attenuation is implemented in the three‐dimensional simulation code. The proposed method is verified by carrying out the strong motion prediction with MMAM and comparing with measured data. In addition, the effect of three‐dimensional soil–structure and frequency component on the maximum velocity distribution, which is simulated by proposed method with high spatial resolution, is discussed. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Macro–micro analysis method for wave propagation in stochastic media

This paper presents a new analysis method, called macro–micro analysis method (MMAM) for numerical simulation of wave propagation in stochastic media, which could be used to predict distribution of earthquake strong motion with high accuracy and spatial resolution. This MMAM takes advantage of the bounding medium theory (BMT) and the singular perturbation expansion (SPE). BMT can resolve uncertainty of soil and crust structures by obtaining optimistic and pessimistic estimates of expected strong motion distribution. SPE leads to efficient multi‐scale analysis for reducing a huge amount of computation. The MMAM solution is given as the sum of waves of low resolution covering a whole city and waves of high resolution for each city portion. This paper presents BMT and SPE along with the formulation of MMAM for wave propagation in three‐dimensional elastic media. Application examples are presented to verify the validity of the MMAM and demonstrate potential usefulness of this approach. In a companion paper (Earthquake Engng. Struct. Dyn., this issue) application examples of earthquake strong motion prediction are also presented. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Evidence from isotopic geochemistry as an indicator of eutrophication of Meiliang Bay in Lake Taihu, China

In this paper, Lake Taihu, a large shallow freshwater lake in China, is chosen as an example of reconstruction of eutrophication through the comparison between stable isotopes from dissolved nutrients and plants and water column nutrient parameters and integration of multiple proxies in a sediment core from Meiliang Bay including TN, TP, TOC, C/N,δ15N,δ13C, etc. Differences in aquatic plant species and trophic status between East Taihu Bay and Meiliang Bay are indicated by their variations inδ13C andδ15N of aquatic plants andδ15N of NH4 . A significant influence of external nutrient inputs on Meiliang Bay is reflected in temporal changes inδ15N of NH4 and hydro-environmental parameters. The synchronous change betweenδ13C andδ15N values of sedi-mented organic matter (OM) has been attributed to elevated primary production at the beginning of eutrophication between 1950 and 1990, then recent inverse correlation between them has been caused by the uptake of 15N-enriched inorganic nitrogen by phytoplankton grown under eutrophication and subsequent OM decomposition and denitrification in surface sediments, indicating that the lake has suffered from progressive eutrophication since 1990. Based on the use of a combination of stable isotopes and elemental geochemistry, the eutrophication of Meiliang Bay in Lake Taihu could be better traced. These transitions of the lake eutrophication respectively occurring in the 1950s and 1990s have been suggested as a reflection of growing impacts of human activities, which is coincident with the instrumental data.     

黄土高原混凝土建筑物的地震随机反应分析

本文利用随机振动理论和动力分析有限元法,计算了在9度地震作用下黄土高原混凝土建筑物在随机地震下响应的统计特性,分析了黄土层对混凝土建筑物地震反应的影响。     

Isotopic Composition of Non-Methane Hydrocarbons in Emissions from Biomass Burning

The stable carbon isotope ratios of nonmethane hydrocarbons (NMHC) and methyl chloride emitted from biomass burning were determined by analyzing seven whole air samples collected during different phases of the burning process as part of a laboratory study of wood burning. The average of the stable carbon isotope ratios of emitted alkanes, alkenes and aromatic compounds is identical to that of the burnt fuel; more than 50% of the values are within a range of ±1.5 of thecomposition of the burnt fuel wood. Thus for the majority of NMHC emitted from biomass burning stable carbon isotope ratio of the burnt fuel a good first order approximation for the isotopic composition of the emissions. Of the more than twenty compounds we studied, only methyl chloride and ethyne differed in stable carbon isotope ratios by more than a few per mil from the composition of the fuel. Ethyne is enriched in ¹³C by approximately 20–30, and most of the variability can beexplained by a dependence on flame temperature. The ¹³C values decreaseby 0.019 /K (±0.0053/K) with increasing temperature. Methyl chloride is highly depleted in ¹³C, on average by25. However the results cover a wide range of nearly 30. Specifically, in two measurements with wood from Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus delegatensis) as fuel we observed the emission of extremely light methyl chloride (–68.5and–65.5). This coincides with higher than average emission ratiosfor methyl chloride (15.5 × 10^–5 and 18 ×10^–5 mol CH₃Cl/mol CO₂). These high emission ratios are consistent with the highchlorine content of the burnt fuel, although, due to the limited number of measurements, it would be premature to generalize these findings. The limited number of observations also prevents any conclusion on a systematic dependence between chlorine content of the fuel, emission ratios and stable carbon isotope ratio of methyl chloride emissions. However, our results show that a detailed understanding of the emissions of methyl chloride from chloride rich fuels is important for understanding its global budget. It is also evident that the usefulness of stable carbon isotope ratios to constrain the global budget of methyl chloride will be complicated by the very large variability of the stable carbon isotope ratio of biomass burning emissions. Nevertheless, ultimately the large fractionation may provide additional constraints for the contribution of biomass burning emissions to the atmospheric budget of methyl chloride.     

Comments on the 'Universality of the Lagrangian Velocity Structure Function Constant (C0) ACROSS DIFFERENT KINDS OF TURBULENCE’

Recently Du ( Boundary-Layer Meteorology 83, 207–219, 1997) estimated the value of the Lagrangian velocity structure constant, C0, in the inertial subrange by comparing experimental diffusion data and simulation results obtained with the one-dimensional form of Thomson's model ( J. Fluid Mech. 180, 529–556, 1987). Du reported that for several different flows (grid turbulence, a wind-tunnel boundary layer and the atmospheric surface layer under neutral stratification) the value of C0 is 3.0±0.5. Here, it is shown that optimal model agreement with experimental diffusion data for the wind-tunnel boundary layer is, in fact, obtained when C0=5.0 ± 0.5. It is also shown that accounting for the skewness of velocity statistics and finite Reynolds number effects does not significantly change this estimate for the value of C0. It is suggested that one-dimensional Lagrangian stochastic models are inconsistent with the supposed universality of C0.