冀东、五台和吕梁地区条带状铁矿的稀土元素特征及其地质意义

详细报道了冀东、五台和吕梁地区条带状铁矿全岩样品的稀土元素分析结果。结果表明,研究区BIF具有非常相似的特征：稀土总量均较低;经页岩标准化的稀土元素配分模式均呈现轻稀土亏损、重稀土富集的特征;Y/Ho比值较高;具有明显的Eu、Y、La的正异常,且这些特征表明研究区BIF的稀土元素来源于火山热液和海水的混合溶液。虽然BIF均显示Eu正异常,但不同类型、不同沉积年龄BIF的铕异常程度不同：与吕梁地区Superior型铁矿相比,冀东和五台地区的Algoma型铁矿显示了更大的Eu正异常;并且自中太古代-新太古代-古元古代,BIF的铕正异常逐渐减小,这可能反映了随着BIF沉积年龄的减小,进入到该地区海水中的高温热液流体逐渐减少;同时,研究区BIF缺乏明显的Ce负异常,可能暗示在BIF沉积时海水的氧化还原状态为缺氧环境。     

2011-2013年乌鲁木齐城-郊冬季积雪深度与密度空间分布特征

利用2011-2013年冬季4次地面实测乌鲁木齐城-郊积雪深度与密度数据,应用普通克里格空间插值方法,分析了乌鲁木齐城-郊冬季积雪深度与密度从2011年12月下旬-2012年2月下旬及2012年1月中旬和2013年同期的时空分布特征.结果表明:乌鲁木齐城-郊冬季积雪深度与密度存在显著地区域分布差异及变化特征.整个冬季位于城东北部的米东石化工业园区积雪均较深,尤其12月和2月,在主城区内部又存在不同下垫面下积雪较多的区域.从12月下旬-次年2月下旬,积雪逐渐累积,且积雪深度比密度具有更大的空间变化幅度.除12月下旬大部分主城区雪密度比郊区大之外,1月中旬、2月下旬主城区雪密度均比城东和城东北方向低.2013年1月中旬积雪与2012年同期相比,平均积雪量明显偏厚,约31 cm,但雪密度变化范围不大且深度与密度的空间分布均发生明显改变.本文结果对于了解乌鲁木齐城区积雪的区域差异,为主城区道路积雪清运、保障道路通畅优化方案及春季融雪洪水防御预案的制定提供基础数据支撑,也可以弥补当前气象站点少且空间分布不匀的不足.此外,本文对卫星遥感数据反演的积雪参数精度验证也具有实际参考价值.     

青海省河南县三叠系伊利石结晶度与极低级变质作用

在开展“青海省河南县托叶玛地区I47E007023、I47E008023、I47E009023、1I47E009024四幅1:5万区域地质矿产调查”时,为验证该地区三叠系变质情况,针对三叠系中泥岩(页岩)的伊利石结晶度做了分析测试。30件样品的实验结果表明: 北部宗务隆—泽库地层分区三叠系泥岩(页岩)伊利石Kübler结晶度指数为0.312~0.537,晶胞参数b₀为0.898 0~0.903 2 nm,判断其变质温度小于350 ℃,具葡萄石-绿纤石和沸石相; 南部西倾山地层分区三叠系泥岩(页岩)的伊利石Kübler结晶度指数为0.21~0.318,b₀为0.898 1~0.901 4 nm,变质温度主要分布在200~350 ℃,局部>350 ℃,具葡萄石-绿纤石和绿片岩相。研究认为青海省河南县地区区域变质程度较低,为极低级变质作用或者未发生区域变质作用,且南部西倾山地层分区的变质程度略高于北部宗务隆—泽库地层分区变质程度。这一变质相带研究结论与前人认为的“区域低温动力变质作用及低绿片岩相变质带”不一致,变质程度相对更低。该研究证实了在青海省河南县地区三叠系地层中不存在大面积区域变质作用,仅存在极低级区域变质作用。     

南秦岭构造带内早古生代碱基性岩浆活动：古特提斯洋裂解的证据

位于南秦岭构造带南缘的勉略(勉县—略阳)洋是东古特提斯洋的北侧分支洋盆,在勉县—略阳地区发育有典型的蛇绿岩组合。然而,由于中三叠世晚期开始的碰撞造山作用以及之后陆内变形作用的改造,对于勉略洋盆在构造带东段的裂解和演化过程并不清晰。本文对发育于东南秦岭构造带内的基性岩墙群进行了岩石学、岩石地球化学、同位素年代学等方面的研究。结果表明,基性岩脉以辉长岩、辉绿岩等基性岩为主,其SiO 2含量为41.89%~49.75%,属基性—超基性岩类,并具有富钠、高钛的碱性岩特征。岩石的稀土、微量元素和Sr—Nd同位素特征与板内洋岛玄武岩(OIB)特征一致,岩浆源于具有地壳混染的板内洋岛玄武岩型地幔源区。该类基性岩脉顺层侵入到早古生代早期地层中,通过基性岩脉中的锆石SHRIMP测年获得岩脉顺层侵位的时代为晚志留世早期(约422 Ma)。这种岩浆作用很可能与古特提斯洋初始裂解有关,并导致南秦岭构造带内地壳伸展、基性岩浆侵位,该过程与南秦岭构造带北缘的商丹(商南—丹凤)原特提斯洋的消减和陆内俯冲可能相关。     

Geoelectrical survey over perched aquifers in the northern part of Upper Sakarya River Basin,Türkiye

In this study, a groundwater exploration survey was conducted using the DC Resistivity (DCR) method in a hydrogeological setting containing a perched aquifer. DCR data were gathered and an electrical tomography section was recovered using conventional four-electrode instruments with a Schlumberger array and a two-dimensional (2D) inversion scheme. The proposed scheme was tested over a synthetic three-dimensional (3D) subsurface model before deploying it in a field situation. The proposed method indicated that gathering data with simple four-electrode instruments at stations along a line and 2D inversion of datasets at multiple stations can recover depth intervals of the studied aquifer in the hydrogeological setting even if it has a 3D structure. In this study, 2D inversion of parallel profiles formed a pseudo-3D volume of the subsurface resistivity structures and mapped out multiple resistive (>25 ohm·m) bodies at shallow (between 50–100 m) and deep sections (>150 m). In general, the proposed method is convenient to encounter geological units that have limited vertical and spatial extensions in any direction and presents resistivity contrast from groundwater-bearing geologic materials.     

基于Plücker直线的机载LiDAR点云与航空影像的配准

机载LiDAR点云与航空影像的配准是地物提取的关键。本文提出了基于Plücker直线的机载LiDAR点云与航空影像的配准模型。基于三维线空间线变换Plücker直线方程,确定点云和影像中的同名直线间的相对位姿关系,建立Plücker直线共面条件方程,通过影像上的Plücker直线在三维线空间中的螺旋运动,实现像点到其对应LiDAR点的坐标变换。结果表明,Plücker直线共面条件配准模型简洁,将旋转和平移统一处理,避免了两者间的耦合误差,提高了配准精度,为获取高质量的地球三维空间信息提供了技术支持。     

Arsenic — a Review. Part I: Occurrence,Toxicity, Speciation,Mobility

In natural waters arsenic concentrations up to a few milligrams per litre were measured. The natural content of arsenic found in soils varies between 0.01 mg/kg and a few hundred milligrams per kilogram. Anthropogenic sources of arsenic in the environment are the smelting of ores, the burning of coal, and the use of arsenic compounds in many products and production processes in the past. A lot of arsenic compounds are toxic and cause acute and chronic poisoning. In aqueous environment the inorganic arsenic species arsenite (As(III)) and arsenate (As(V)) are the most abundant species. The mobility of these species is influenced by the pH value, the redox potential, and the presence of adsorbents such as oxides and hydroxides of Fe(III), Al(III), Mn(III/IV), humic substances, and clay minerals.     

The Impact of Human Activities on Freshwater Aquatic Systems

The roles of oxygen and its activated species (superoxide radicals, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radicals), as well as that of sulfur compounds, are considered in relation to biological quality and the self-cleaning capacity of freshwater aquatic systems. The effects on the aquatic redox-processes are discussed in terms of atmospheric fallout of sulfur compounds, bottom sediment composition, and input of wastewaters containing reducing substances. It is shown that the totality of anthropogenic influences, and/or unfavourable natural geochemical conditions, as well as climatic effects in a region can increase the significance of one-electron transfer processes in bio-geochemical cycles of oxygen, sulfur and manganese, compared with the significance of two-electron transfer processes. The resulting, reactive intermediate products of one-electron transfer processes are very important with respect to the composition and properties of aquatic systems. Examples are given of practical applications of wastewater treatment, using hydrogen peroxide and UV-irradiation, and of regulation of consumers’ activities which affect natural waters.     

Abiotic Stream Classification as a Basis for a Surveillance Monitoring Network in Austria in Accordance with the EU Water Framework Directive

This study presents the 26 major surface water types established in Austria in accordance with the draft of the EU Water Framework Directive (WFD). These types are made up of so‐called aquatic landscape units and large rivers. The 17 aquatic landscape units were defined using a database in which all Austrian running waters with a catchment area greater than 10 km^[2] were described according to the following typological features: size of catchment area, altitude of catchment area and confluences, stream order, geology, zoogeographical regions (ecoregions), and subregions. At running waters with gauges, a classification according to flow regimes was carried out. Large rivers were defined as running waters with a stream order ⩾7 and/or a catchment area > 2500 km² and/or with an average flow >50 m³/s. These major types represent, inter alia, the basis for the establishment of a surveillance monitoring network as required by the WFD.     

天山乌鲁木齐河流域冰川地貌与冰期研究的回顾与展望

乌鲁木齐河源于天山北列喀拉乌成山的北坡,区内保存着形态多样、较为清晰的第四纪冰川侵蚀与沉积地形.经过老中青数代人的考察研究,取得如下研究成果:1)查清了河源区冰川地形的分布与特征,运用冰川沉积学与地貌地层学原理对乌鲁木齐河出山口处的扇形地进行了冰川与非冰川成因的鉴别;2)基于地衣法、常规14 C与AMS14 C、TL、ESR、CRN(10Be)等多种定年方法的测年结果,并结合地貌地层学原理,建立了乌鲁木齐河流域小冰期、新冰期、末次冰期(MIS 2～4)、MIS 6与MIS12较完整的冰川演化序列,为我国第四纪冰川研究树立了一个典型范例.展望未来,乌鲁木齐河源区的冰川地貌演化模拟与古环境重建等需作进一步研究,喀拉乌成山南坡的冰川地形有待进行综合定年;若以乌鲁木齐河源流域冰期序列为参照,冰川发育与天山的构造抬升以及东、中与西段天山冰川发育是否具有一致性,天山地区是否保存有更老冰碛等科学问题尚待深入探讨.