Curvature derived from LiDAR digital elevation models as simple indicators of debris-flow susceptibility

To mitigate the damage caused by debris flows resulting from heavy precipitation and to aid in evacuation plan preparation, areas at risk should be mapped on a scale appropriate for affected individuals and communities. We tested the effectiveness of simply identifying debris-flow hazards through automated derivation of surface curvatures using LiDAR digital elevation models. We achieved useful correspondence between plan curvatures and areas of existing debris-flow damage in two localities in Japan using the analysis of digital elevation models(DEMs). We found that plan curvatures derived from 10 m DEMs may be useful to indicate areas that are susceptible to debris flow in mountainous areas. In residential areas located on gentle sloping debris flow fans, the greatest damage to houses was found to be located in the elongated depressions that are connected to mountain stream valleys. Plan curvaturederived from 5 m DEM was the most sensitive indicators for susceptibility to debris flows.     

基于LAHARZ的泥石流堆积范围预测模型的建立及应用

为了探究泥石流的堆积范围,利用LAHARZ软件,对北京市密云县泥石流沟喇嘛栅子南沟进行了数值模拟。结合泥石流沟小流域1：10 000数字高程模型图,模拟了泥石流的堆积范围。首先利用中国部分地区泥石流体积和堆积范围的数据资料,获得了泥石流体体积与其堆积范围的新的统计模型B=11.42V^0.7156;然后通过模拟沟道与实际沟道的对比,确定了最佳沟道阈值为15 000;再结合现场调查统计和降雨历史资料,确定了10年、20年、50年和100年一遇暴雨条件的泥石流体积值,分别为56 500、72 900、94 200和113 100 m³;最后在此基础上对该条泥石流沟的堆积范围进行了预测。结果表明,100年一遇的暴雨条件下泥石流堆积面积为48 729 m²,到达最远距离约为490 m,已影响下游村庄。     

斥水性土壤水分入渗试验和模型

为研究斥水性土壤水分入渗规律,并探寻适用于斥水性土壤水分入渗的数学模型,以妫水河流域亲水性和斥水性土壤为研究对象,开展室内一维垂直土柱入渗试验;分别采用Kostiakov分段函数、Fourier级数、一阶Gaussian函数以及Gaussian分段函数对斥水性土壤入渗率进行拟合。试验结果表明:亲水性土壤入渗率随时间呈单调减小变化趋势,斥水性土壤入渗一段时间后累积入渗量会出现翘尾现象,入渗率为先增大后减小的单峰曲线。模型图形分析表明: Kostiakov分段函数入渗率在拐点处同时存在一个极大值和极小值,Fourier级数存在多个波峰,一阶Gaussian函数不能反映入渗率在拐点后大于拐点前的试验现象,因而均难以真实反映斥水性水分入渗过程。忽略水分开始快速入渗过程,Gaussian分段函数模型不仅能够反映入渗率在拐点前的单调增以及拐点后的单调减过程,同时也能够体现入渗率在拐点后大于拐点前的试验现象。     

东北大部旱情缓解 粤闽局地暴雨成灾──1997年5月

东北大部旱情缓解粤闽局地暴雨成灾—１９９７年５月—徐良炎（国家气候中心，北京１０００８１）５月份，东北大部、华北北部及黄淮等地普降喜雨，旱情缓解；西北东部、华北西部等地降水偏少，旱情持续或发展。南方大部地区雨水比较调匀，无大范围旱涝发生，但华南局地遭...     

海水中致病菌检测研究进展

海水中致病菌种类繁多、致病性强,对水产养殖和人体健康存在着潜在危害。传统的检测方法培养过程复杂繁琐、耗时长、效率低,难以满足实际工作的需求。因此,建立海水中致病菌的快速、灵敏、准确的检测技术势在必行。本文综述了流式细胞技术、分子生物学方法、免疫学方法和生物传感器技术等在海水致病菌检测中的应用,总结了上述方法在海水致病菌检测中的研究现状。     

Sediment transport in high‐speed flows over a fixed bed: 2. Particle impacts and abrasion prediction

Single bed load particle impacts were experimentally investigated in supercritical open channel flow over a fixed planar bed of low relative roughness height simulating high‐gradient non‐alluvial mountain streams as well as hydraulic structures. Particle impact characteristics (impact velocity, impact angle, Stokes number, restitution and dynamic friction coefficients) were determined for a wide range of hydraulic parameters and particle properties. Particle impact velocity scaled with the particle velocity, and the vertical particle impact velocity increased with excess transport stage. Particle impact and rebound angles were low and decreased with transport stage. Analysis of the particle impacts with the bed revealed almost no viscous damping effects with high normal restitution coefficients exceeding unity. The normal and resultant Stokes numbers were high and above critical thresholds for viscous damping. These results are attributed to the coherent turbulent structures near the wall region, i.e. bursting motion with ejection and sweep events responsible for turbulence generation and particle transport. The tangential restitution coefficients were slightly below unity and the dynamic friction coefficients were lower than for alluvial bed data, revealing that only a small amount of horizontal energy was transferred to the bed. The abrasion prediction model formed by Sklar and Dietrich in 2004 was revised based on the new equations on vertical impact velocity and hop length covering various bed configurations. The abrasion coefficient k_v was found to be vary around k_v ~ 10⁵ for hard materials (tensile strength f_t > 1 MPa), one order of magnitude lower than the value assumed so far for Sklar and Dietrich's model. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

核磁共振测深方法在多年冻土区找水中的应用

通过核磁共振测深( MRS)方法在多年冻土区找水实例的分析、解释,并结合钻孔资料的综合研究,对在多年冻土区利用MRS方法探测地下含水层埋深、厚度及地下水涌水量的计算进行了详细的解析,并取得了良好的应用效果。阐明了该方法在多年冻土区找水具有含水信号反映明显、信噪比高和具唯一性解析结果等的独特技术优势,也指出了该方法在判断含水层岩性、涌水量计算等方面存在的不足,揭示了MRS方法在多年冻土区寻找地下水的良好应用前景,为在多年冻土区寻找地下水提供了一定的借鉴经验。     

Damage assessment for submarine photoelectric composite cable under anchor impact

The impact of dropped anchor on submarine photoelectric composite cables may possibly cause electrical faults, i.e. electricity and optical signal transmission failure. In order to study the impact capacity and structural impact failure mechanism, a test setup is designed originally to examine the structural and functional integrity. A detailed finite element model (FEM) is created, considering material nonlinearity and component interaction. A parametric analysis has been performed to predict the deformation of components and impact forces, under different impact velocities and collision directions. Relationships between the armor layer indentation rate and that of internal power and optical units are achieved. The impact deformation of internal entities can be evaluated intuitively by armor layer indentation. The proposed experimental and numerical methods are well correlated, suitable to assess the impact capacity of subsea power cables and assist the protection design of subsea power cables in engineering.     

基于支持向量机的膨胀土胀缩等级预测

膨胀土的胀缩等级判定对膨胀土地区工程建设具有重要的意义。为此,本文提出了一种基于支持向量回归机（SVR）模型的膨胀土胀缩等级预测方法。基于肯尼亚“蒙内铁路”沿线膨胀土的土工试验数据,以土体自由膨胀率作为预测目标,构建了包含两种不同预测指标体系的膨胀土胀缩等级预测模型。模型I以液限、塑限、塑性指数、3种不同粒径的颗粒含量（< 0.075、0.075～0.25、0.25～0.5）、土的类型为输入参数,模型II以液限、塑限、塑性指数、粒径< 0.075的颗粒含量、土的类型为预测参数。两个模型在预测时采用Linear、Polynomial、RBF和Sigmoid核函数进行训练。结果表明：（1）当预测采样次数达到1000次时,训练模型均趋于稳定;（2）整体而言,模型I的预测精度要优于模型II,模型I中采用RBF核函数建立的模型给出了最高准确率86.6%,其次为Linear核函数（准确率82.9%）和Sigmoid和函数（准确率75.1%）。模型II中采用RBF核函数建立的模型给出了最高准确率77.4%,其次为Linear核函数（准确率74.3%）和Sigmoid和函数（准确率72.9%）;（3）采用Linear函数、Sigmoid函数和RBF函数作为核函数模型对44组未知胀缩等级的土样预测时,模型I中三者预测结果相同的数量占比为73%,其余组土样的预测胀缩等级相同或相邻,不存在“越级”现象,模型II中三者预测结果相同的数量占比为68%,不存在“越级”现象。最后,通过与模糊层次分析法评价结果对比,进一步证明了本文研究结果可为肯尼亚等类似地区工程建设中膨胀土的胀缩等级预测和处理提供依据。     

多普勒天气雷达站址视程的客观分析技术

开发了多普勒天气雷达候选站址视程的客观分析软件.该软件根据候选站及其四周一定范围内的地理信息, 十分快速地求算和自动绘制雷达单站的遮蔽角图、系列等射束高度图和多个雷达站Mercator或Lambert投影方式下的等射束高度拼图, 提供了分析和评价候选站雷达有效视程和相关雷达网共同覆盖效果以及定量应用雷达资料的客观工具.