冬、夏季青藏高原地面加热场激发的500hPa遥相关型

本文用青藏高原地面加热场强度来表征高原的加热状况，并用统计的方法，分析了冬季（２月）和夏季（７月）青藏高原地面加热场强度与同期５００ｈＰａ位势高度的遥相关关系，得到如下结论：冬季高原地面加热场可激发北半球５００ｈＰａ产生遥相关型，这种遥相关型可看成是二维Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ波列由低纬向东北方向传播；夏季高原地面加热场可激发北半球５００ｈＰａ产生类似于ＥＵ型的遥相关，这种遥相关型可看成二维Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ波列由     

Identification and analysis of high-frequency oscillations in the eyewalls of tropical cyclones

High-frequency oscillations, with periods of about 2 hours, are first identified by applying wavelet analysis to observed minutely wind speeds around the eye and eyewall of tropical cyclones(TCs). Analysis of a model simulation of Typhoon Hagupit(2008) shows that the oscillations also occur in the TC intensity, vertical motion, convergence activity and air density around the eyewall. Sequences of oscillations in these variables follow a certain order.     

中央气象台台风强度综合预报误差分析

本文从总误差、逐年趋势、误差分布等方面对2001—2012年中央气象台（Central Meteorological Observatory, CMO）的台风（TC）强度综合预报水平进行分析,初步分析了强度迅速变化台风预报偏差大的原因。结果表明,强度预报水平没有明显改善,预报误差呈现逐年波动状态,强度稳定TC的预报误差最小,迅速加强TC的预报误差最大。24、96~120 h预报偏强的概率较大,而48~72 h预报偏弱的概率大。南海东北部等海域的预报误差较大,应在业务预报中特别予以关注。随着TC强度的逐渐增强,强度预报在120 h内预报偏强的可能性变大,而强度预报偏弱的可能性减小。根据误差分析结果,提出了一个强度概率预报方案,检验结果表明可在业务中参考使用。     

南海海岛自动气象站防护应用技术探索

立足海南及南海的自然条件,结合海岛自动气象站在南海高温、高湿、高盐雾、强辐射、强风等恶劣气候环境下使用情况,通过对历年来海岛自动气象站故障及失效模式的统计和分析,总结分析故障原因。根据设备维护人员多年气象设备保障工作积累总结的经验,从海岛自动气象站结构和防护要求出发,集成应用市场上优质材料、先进工艺和多种成熟、关键设备防护技术,形成一些气象设备防护的有效方法措施,以提高海岛自动气象站对海洋环境的适应性和性能,延长设备使用寿命。     

湖北地区云地闪电时空分布特征分析

为揭示湖北地区云地闪电时空分布特征及雷电活动规律,以满足雷电灾害防护和雷击风险评估工作需要,采用湖北不同地理位置的13个雷击探测仪组成的闪电监测定位系统获取的2006年3月至2009年2月的云地闪电资料,从闪电的极性分布、日变化、月变化、强度、闪电密度、累计概率分布等方面进行统计分析。结果表明:云地闪电中负闪电占闪电总数的96.2%;正闪电占闪电总数的3.8%;闪电频次的日变化呈明显的单峰单谷型,一日中,最大值出现在15—16时,最小值在09—10时;一年中,4—8月闪电次数占全年闪电总数的95.9%,其中7—8月闪电次数最多;正、负闪电的强度主要集中在10～50 kA,大于30 kA的累积概率在50%以下,大于60 kA的累积概率8.1%,大于100 kA的累积概率1.6%;拟合出湖北地区大于某雷电流强度累积概率方程,经统计分析,实测值与计算值相关系数达0.99998。闪电密度分布呈明显的地域性差异,鄂东南的嘉鱼县、咸宁、黄石、鄂州市一带为闪电高密度区,鄂西的远安县、当阳市附近为闪电次高密度区。山区与丘陵、平原交接地带,即地表状况发生明显变化的地带,是雷电多发地带。鄂西南山区县市雷电日数较多,闪电密度不一定随之增加,其原因可能是山区县市土壤电阻率较大和山区局地小气候环境共同影响的结果。     

乌鲁木齐及周边城市空气质量变化特征及影响因素分析

利用美英等国5个海气耦合气候模式对黑龙江省(主要包括哈尔滨、齐齐哈尔、牡丹江和佳木斯4个地区)年、季平均气温前后近100 a进行模拟和预测结果,预估黑龙江省哈尔滨、齐齐哈尔、牡丹江和佳木斯4个城市气候变暖情景下未来100 a的采暖降温气候条件.可以为黑龙江省适应未来气候变化提供依据,为政府决策和能源公司做长远规划提供参考.     

一次持续稳定的平流雾天气

对１９９７年１２月１７￣１９日出现在北京地区的平流雾进行了天气学分析,认为此次平流雾是在较为稳定的华北地形槽弱辐射的大尺度条件下,罕见的逆温顶盖（γ＝５．８４℃／１００ｍ）牢牢地置饱和湿空气于２３９．４ｍ以下北京这种特殊的地形中;地面中尺度辐合线和时空剖面图上风的脉动所产生的２００ｍ以下的小尺度辐合线引起的辐合抬升,有利于饱和湿空气不断在山前平原和谷地得以补充和聚焦,所有这些是构成这次大雾稳定维持     

热带气旋莫兰蒂(1010)强度的观测研究和增强条件的诊断分析

热带气旋莫兰蒂(1010)进入台湾海峡后显著加强。本文普查了历史上在台湾海峡与"莫兰蒂"有相似路径的热带气旋,其中几乎没有增强的热带气旋个例;总结了"莫兰蒂"在台湾海峡活动时的强度变化,指出在实时业务中国内外台风预报中心对于"莫兰蒂"强度的判定存在明显偏弱的现象。运用天气学和动力诊断方法,分析了"莫兰蒂"在台湾海峡活动时热带气旋发展的基本条件,结果发现:台湾海峡区域有较高的海表温度、丰富的中低层水汽净流入、强烈的低层辐合和高层辐散、低层涡度净流入,为"莫兰蒂"的发展提供了有利的动力和热力条件,弱的环境风垂直切变又使其强度增长没有受到大的抑制作用。研究结果可为热带气旋强度或强度变化预报提供有意义的参考。     

An equilibrium cloud-resolving modeling study of diurnal variation of tropical rainfall

The diurnal variation of tropical rainfall is examined through the analysis of an equilibrium cloud-resolving model experiment. Model domain mean rain rate is defined as a product of rain intensity and fractional rainfall coverage. The diurnal variation of the mean rain rate is associated with that of fractional rainfall coverage because the diurnal variation of rain intensity is significantly weakened through the decrease in rainfall in early morning hours. The decrease in rainfall corresponds to the reduction in secondary circulations through the barotropic conversion from the perturbation kinetic energy to the mean kinetic energy under the imposed negative vertical gradient of westerly winds. The fractional rainfall coverage shows the diurnal signal with the maximum in the early morning hours primarily due to nocturnal infrared radiative cooling.     

Would different methodologies for assessing carbon leakage exposure lead to different risk levels? A case study of the Brazilian industry

Energy-intensive industries play an important role in low-carbon development, being particularly exposed to climate policies. Concern over possible carbon leakage in this sector poses a major challenge for designing effective carbon pricing instruments (CPI). Different methodologies for assessing carbon leakage exposure are currently used by different jurisdictions, each of them based on different approaches and indicators. This paper aims to analyse the extent to which the use of different methodologies leads to different results in terms of exposure to the risk of carbon leakage, using the Brazilian industry sector as a case study. Results indicate that carbon leakage exposure is an expected outcome of eventual CPI implementation in Brazilian industry. However, results vary according to the chosen methodology, so the definition of the criteria is paramount for assessing sectoral exposure to the risk of carbon leakage.

Key policy insights

• Despite increasing discussion about the implementation of carbon pricing on the Brazilian industrial sector, the evaluation of carbon leakage risks is still neglected.

• Assessments of the risk of carbon leakage are directly related to the indicators and criteria used by each methodology. Thus, a given subsector may present different levels of exposure to carbon leakage depending on the methodological choice.

• More than a purely technical discussion, the methodological definition of carbon leakage risk is a political discussion – it can be well-conducted, leading to the success of a CPI, or even sabotaged, by implicitly subsidizing energy-intensive industries.