Near Wall Flow over Urban-like Roughness

In this study, comprehensive measurements over a number of urban-type surfaces with the same area density of 25% have been performed in a wind tunnel. The experiments were conducted at a free stream velocity of 10 m s^-1 and the main instrumentation was 120 ° x-wire anemometry, but measurement accuracy was checked using laser Doppler anemometry.The results haveconfirmed the strong three-dimensionalityof the turbulent flow inthe roughness sublayer and the depths of the inertial sublayer (log-law region) and roughness sublayer for each surface have been determined. Spatial averaging has been used to remove the variability of the flow in the roughness sublayer due to individual obstacles and it is shown that the spatially averaged mean velocity in the inertial sublayer and roughness sublayer can,together, be described by a single log-law with a mean zero-plane displacement and roughness length for the surface, provided that the proper surface stress is known. The spatially averaged shear stresses in the inertial sublayer and roughness sublayer are compared with the surface stress deduced from form drag measurements on the roughness elements themselves.The dispersive stress arising from the spatial inhomogeneity in the mean flow profiles was deduced from the data and is shown to be negligible compared with the usual Reynolds stresses in the roughness sublayer. Comparisons have been made between a homogeneous (regular element array) surface and one consisting of random height elements of the same total volume. Although the upper limits of the inertial sublayer for both surfaces were almost identical at equivalent fetch, the roughness sublayer was much thicker for the random surface than for the uniform surface, the friction velocity and the roughness length were significantly larger and the `roughness efficiency' was greater. It is argued that the inertial sublayer may not exist at all in some of the more extreme rough urban areas. These results will provide fundamental information for modelling urban air quality and forecasting urban wind climates.     

Analytical stress and displacement due to twin tunneling in an elastic semi‐infinite ground subjected to surcharge loads

The construction of twin tunnels at shallow depth has become increasingly common in urban areas. In general, twin tunnels are usually near each other, in which the interaction between tunnels is too significant to be ignored on their stability. The equivalent arbitrarily distributed loads imposed on ground surface were considered in this study, and a new analytical approach was provided to efficiently predict the elastic stresses and displacements around the twin tunnels. The interaction between 2 tunnels of different radii with various arrangements was taken into account in the analysis. We used the Schwartz alternating method in this study to reduce the twin‐tunnel problem to a series of problems where only 1 tunnel was contained in half‐plane. The convergent and highly accurate analytical solutions were achieved by superposing the solutions of the reduced single‐tunnel problems. The analytical solutions were then verified by the good agreement between analytical and numerical results. Furthermore, by the comparison on initial plastic zone and surface settlement between analytical solution and numerical/measured results of elastoplastic cases, it was proven that the analytical solution can accurately predict the initial plastic zone and its propagation direction and can qualitatively provide the reliable ground settlements. A parametric study was finally performed to investigate the influence of locations of surcharge load and the tunnel arrangement on the ground stresses and displacements. The new solution proposed in this study provides an insight into the interaction of shallow twin tunnels under surcharge loads, and it can be used as an alternative approach for the preliminary design of future shallow tunnels excavated in rock or medium/stiff clay.     

大坂山公路隧道工程地质特征

大坂山公路隧道位于青海省西宁市—甘肃省张掖市公路(即227国道),自南向北穿越大坂山主峰。隧道轴线长约1.538km,轴线走向29°,系国内海拔最高的公路隧道。由于隧道址区所处的特殊地形地质背景条件,必须查明一些特殊的隧道工程地质问题。经工程地质勘探查明了:一、大坂山址区不存在多年冻土,仅发育季节冻土,对隧道工程危害不大;二、隧道围岩类型分为四类、11段,其中稳定性好的Ⅴ类围岩占隧道全长51％,Ⅳ类围岩占15％,Ⅲ类围岩占2％,稳定性差的Ⅱ类围岩占32％;三、隧道址区地壳稳定程度属次不稳定级,为6.5级地震潜在震源区,在五十年地震活动强度超越概率0.1的条件下,相应地震烈度值为7.8度;四、隧道址区位于分水岭地带,水文地质条件简单,大气降水和地表水不易补给地下水,预测隧道总涌水量仅668m~3/d。     

The influence of an excavation damaged zone on the thermal-mechanical and hydro-mechanical behaviors of an underground excavation

In Korea, a reference disposal system, KRS, was proposed in 2006 after 10 years of research and development. In the KRS, the high-level radioactive waste repository is considered to be located in a crystalline rock likes granite. For a validation of the feasibility, safety, and stability of the KRS, an underground research tunnel, KURT was constructed in Nov. 2006. During the construction of KURT by a controlled blasting, the size and characteristics of an excavation damaged zone(EDZ) were investigated by in situ as well as laboratory tests. The possible influences of an EDZ around a tunnel on the thermal, hydraulic and mechanical behaviors of the near field were investigated by using hydro-mechanical and thermo-mechanical coupling analyses. From this study, it was found that the existence of an EDZ can influence the thermal, hydraulic, and mechanical behaviors of the near field and it was recommended that an EDZ should be considered as an important parameter during the design of underground repositories.     

隧道无轨运输独头掘进超9600 m施工通风技术

锦屏电站辅助洞为A、B线的上下行单线隧道,线间距35 m,单线长175 km,由于隧道埋深大且无任何条件修建斜竖井做到长隧短打,只能从近东西向相向掘进,同时又由于工程的西端场地极其狭窄,不能满足有轨运输施工条件。通过技术论证,大胆创新,引入公路运营通风的理念,将射流通风运用于本工程的施工通风,从理论研究结合现场通风测试验证,成功地解决了巷道式射流风机选型、布置及通风管理等关键技术。通过双孔独头掘进9600 m的施工通风效果检测表明,洞内空气质量的各项指标均达到国家环卫标准,实现内燃作业、无轨运输,取得了     

考虑围岩破坏条件时优化小净距隧道最小净距的研究

小净距隧道由于不受地形条件以及总体线路线型的限制,较连拱隧道有施工工艺简单、造价较低等优点,越来越受到青睐。用有限单元法对小净距隧道不同中柱厚度进行数值模拟,通过格里菲斯破坏判据以及德鲁克-普拉格判据,拟合出最大拉应力及各判据屈服函数与净距的拟合曲线,在保证其稳定的基础上,对小净距隧道最合理净距做出分析。     

激光点云的多功能风洞施工量测与分析

针对传统皮尺测绘、全站仪在结构复杂的多功能风洞中存在采集作业难、数据精度低、信息不完整等局限性,提出基于高精度、高密度的点云数据开展对风洞施工量测的研究。通过对点云进行预处理及算法的运用,解决风洞数据获取难、信息不完整瓶颈,实现施工量测数据的有效获取及分析。基于点云预处理数据,可获取风洞的二维线划图、立面图、三维信息模型及统计分析等成果;基于点云数据运用算法,能够快速、准确地对风洞内墙面的平整度提取分析,判断施工是否符合要求,这是传统测绘方法无法获取的,验证该技术方法在多功能风洞测量的优越性和必要性。应用结果表明,地面三维激光扫描技术对该风洞的施工量测及建筑信息提取均优于传统方法,成效明显。     

An Actively Controlled Wind Tunnel And Its Application To The Reproduction Of The Atmospheric Boundary Layer

An actively controlled wind tunnel equipped with multiple fansand airfoils has been developed, mainly for the purpose of reproducing the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) for wind engineering applications. Various fluctuating flows can be achieved in this wind tunnel by altering the input data of the fans and airfoils through computer control. In this study, the ABL is physically simulated in this wind tunnel, and particular attention ispaid to the simulation of the profile of Reynolds stress. The method of generating the fluctuating flow and the experimental results of reproducing the ABL are presented. As the results show, the spatial distribution of Reynolds stress is satisfactorily simulated, and the profiles of other statisticalturbulent parameters, such as mean velocity, turbulent intensity, integral scale and power spectrum are successfully reproduced simultaneously.     

SEDIMENT PROBLEMS AT DUJIANGYAN PROJECT

1. THE GEOGRAPHICAL ENVIRONMENT AND HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF THEPROJECTIn the western part of Sichuan Basin, between the Longmen Mountain in the west and theLongquan Mountain in the southeast, lies an alluvial plain of 6500 kmZ formed by the Minjiang Riversystem known as the Chengdu Plain. With its mild climate (average annual temperature 16' 4 C ),fertile soils, rich water resources, and the densely interconnected system of Minjiang and TuojiangRivers, Chengdu …     

Three-dimensional multilayer cylindrical tunnel model for calculating train-induced dynamic stress in saturated soils

This study proposes an improved tunnel model for evaluating train-induced dynamic stress in saturated soils, which can consider multiple moving loads, grouting layer and pore-water pressure. Using Shanghai Metro’s actual parameters for train speed, tunnel, grouting layer and soils, the analysis of the spatial distribution of dynamic stress for soils and stress state of various locations under moving train loads shows that neglecting effects such as pore-water pressure can lead to underestimating dynamic normal stress and overestimating dynamic shear stress in the soils below tunnel. This model can be further extended to investigate principal stress axes rotations and tunnel settlement.