基于两种颗粒体模型的巷道围岩应力应变分析

本文将岩石视为颗粒体材料,采用两种模型对巷道围岩的应力、应变及破坏区的分布规律进行了数值模拟。第一种模型是连续介质模型,其中考虑了颗粒、界面及基体。第二种模型是将第一种模型中的基体去掉。研究结果表明:当基体强度参数降低较少时,巷道围岩中的环向和径向应力在传统结果附近波动;当基体强度参数降低较多时,两种应力的波动幅度提高,而且,基体位置的应力向其周围的颗粒或界面转移。第二种模型结果的波动幅度更大。随着基体强度参数的降低,巷道围岩中的应变集中区向深部转移,形成相互交织的滑移线网,滑移线网的位置主要位于基体和界面中,这与第二种模型的结果有明显的差异(多个环向的应变集中区)。     

TSP超前地质预报方法在隧道工程中的应用研究

在隧道施工期地质超前预报中采用综合的预报方法对隧道开挖工作面前方地质条件（情况）进行及时准确的预报,TSP超前地质预报是目前应用最为广泛的长距离预报手段,本文主要从原理,数据采集和数据处理等方面进行了介绍,并结合工程实例分析说明其应用效果。     

A wind tunnel investigation on the transverse motion of aeolian sand

A wind tunnel experiment was performed to investigate aeolian grain motions in the transverse direction, which is perpendicular to the incoming flow and parallels the sand bed. The trajectories in the horizontal plane were recorded by high-speed camera. Statistical analysis of 630 trajectories shows that both the motion orientation and the time-averaged speed follow Gaussian distributions. An exclusive method was used to analyze the driving mechanism. It was concluded that the three-dimensional turbulent air flow, rather than the spin of grain or grain–bed collisions, controls the transverse motion.     

达陕高速金竹山隧道涌水塌方的综合处治研究

在调查隧道K64 +664～ K64+ 674段涌水塌方特征的基础上,从地质结构和地层岩性分析其成因.相应地,建立综合工作程序,采用”超前双排长管棚+小导管+注浆+三台阶法施工+瓦斯监测”的综合方案.对灾害进行处治,效果明显.     

综合超前地质灾害预报方法在岚谷斜井隧道工程中的应用

在探讨6种隧道地质超前预报方法的基础上,综合应用TGP206、地质雷达和红外探水法,预报岚谷斜井隧道工程中的不良地质.结果表明,综合隧道地质预报方法,能提高预测的准确性和精度,能有效地减少事故,确保施工安全.     

地铁盾构隧道小偏角近距离上穿既有隧道施工顺序研究

以北京地铁四号线盾构隧道与九号线暗挖隧道"小角度、近间距、长距离"空间立交施工为背景,采用数值模拟方法对三种施工顺序进行了计算,重点分析了其施工过程中地表沉降、土体塑性区分布、衬砌结构应力等指标。计算表明,先施工下方九号线暗挖隧道,再施工上方四号线盾构隧道,且在上方四号线的左线盾构机通过后再施作九号线二衬的施工方案是比较合理的。     

盾构法隧道开挖卸荷回弹试验研究

本文以上海某盾构法隧道开挖为例,根据原状土卸载应力路径下的回弹试验结果,探讨了土体在卸荷状态下的变形特性,并对盾构法隧道开挖卸荷影响深度进行了初步分析探讨。     

戈壁地区公路防沙措施防沙效应的风洞试验

 以穿越河西走廊西部戈壁荒漠的嘉峪关至安西一级公路为研究对象,基于风洞模拟试验,针对不同类型公路路基横断面和防护措施设计模型,采用粒子图像测速系统,研究模型的流场变化,进而探讨戈壁公路风沙危害形成机理及防沙措施。研究结果表明:①由于研究区内风沙活动以不饱和风沙流为主,携沙风对公路路基掏蚀、磨蚀严重,需要对路基边坡进行有效砌护;②为了在公路表面形成输沙通道,中央隔离带地表与行车路面应保持同一高度,隔离带采用空隙度大于30%的疏透型;③在公路两侧沙源丰富地段,公路边坡的坡角应小于40°,并且取消防洪沟,以防止沟内积沙;④在沙源丰富地区,公路两侧由外到内依次铺设草方格、覆盖砾石、设置积沙沟的防沙带,可以减少气流中的含沙量,阻止流沙上路,有效解决公路风沙危害问题。     

Characteristics of particle size for creeping and saltating sand grains in aeolian transport

Creep and saltation are the primary modes of surface transport involved in the fluid‐like movement of aeolian sands. Although numerous studies have focused on saltation, few studies have focused on creep, primarily because of the experimental difficulty and the limited amount of theoretical information available on this process. Grain size and its distribution characteristics are key controls on the modes of sand movement and their transport masses. Based on a series of wind tunnel experiments, this paper presents new data regarding the saltation flux, obtained using a flat sampler, and on the creeping mass, obtained using a specifically designed bed trap, associated with four friction velocities (0·41, 0·47, 0·55 and 0·61 m sec^?1). These data yielded information regarding creeping and saltating sand grains and their particle size characteristics at various heights, which led to the following conclusions: (i) the creeping masses increased as a power function (q = ?1·02 + 14·19u_*³) of friction wind velocities, with a correlation (R²) of 0·95; (ii) the flux of aeolian sand flow decreases exponentially with increasing height (q = a exp(–z/b)) and increases as a power function (q = ?26·30 + 428·40 u_*³) of the friction wind velocity; (iii) the particle size of creeping sand grains is ca 1·15 times of the mean diameter of salting sand grains at a height of 0 to 2 cm, which is 1·14 times of the mean diameter of sand grains in a bed; and (iv) the mean diameter of saltating sand grains decreases rapidly with increasing height whereas, while at a given height, the mean diameter of saltating sand grains is positively correlated with the friction wind velocity. Although these results require additional experimental validation, they provide new information for modelling of aeolian sand transport processes.     

Meltwater discharge through the subglacial bed and its land‐forming consequences from numerical experiments in the Polish lowland during the last glaciation

Numerical experiments suggest that the last glaciation severely affected the upper lithosphere groundwater system in NW Poland: primarily its flow pattern, velocities and fluxes. We have simulated subglacial groundwater flow in two and three spatial dimensions using finite difference codes for steady‐state and transient conditions. The results show how profoundly the ice sheet modifies groundwater pressure heads beneath and some distance beyond the ice margin. All model runs show water discharge at the ice forefield driven by ice‐sheet‐thickness‐modulated, down‐ice‐decreasing hydraulic heads. In relation to non‐glacial times, the transient 3D model shows significant changes in the groundwater flow directions in a regionally extensive aquifer ca. 90 m below the ice–bed interface and up to 40 km in front of the glacier. Comparison with empirical data suggests that, depending on the model run, only between 5 and 24% of the meltwater formed at the ice sole drained through the bed as groundwater. This is consistent with field observations documenting abundant occurrence of tunnel valleys, indicating that the remaining portion of basal meltwater was evacuated through a channelized subglacial drainage system. Groundwater flow simulation suggests that in areas of very low hydraulic conductivity and adverse subglacial slopes water ponding at the ice sole was likely. In these areas the relief shows distinct palaeo‐ice lobes, indicating fast ice flow, possibly triggered by the undrained water at the ice–bed interface. Owing to the abundance of low‐permeability strata in the bed, the simulated groundwater flow depth is less than ca. 200 m. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.