日本囊对虾(Marsupenaeus japonicus)秋繁同生群仔虾不同耐干露性能群体间的形态表型差异

于水温(18.0±1.0)?C、盐度20、p H 8.1±0.2条件下,以日本囊对虾秋繁同生群仔虾[总长(7.643±0.639)mm]为实验对象,以离水干露为胁迫因子,在确认其离水干露160min内的复水成活率为100%和离水干露240min时的复水存活率略低于5%后,借助显微扫描像素测量技术和多元分析方法定量研究了A、B、C、D、E实验群体(依次为干露处理160—180、180—200、200—220、220—240min时段内的死亡群体和干露处理240min时的存活群体)间形态表型特征的差异。结果表明:(1)在所涉15项形态性状中,各实验群体间均无显著差异(P0.05)的性状多达10项,依次为第一触角柄长、额剑长、眼径、第一腹节长、第二腹节长、第三腹节长、第四腹节长、第五腹节长、尾节长和尾节高;(2)在所涉17项形态比例指标中,各实验群体间均无显著差异(P0.05)的指标仅为3项,依次为头胸甲长/总长、头胸甲高/头胸甲长和尾节高/尾节长,群体间的欧氏距离均达到极显著水平(P0.01),且有随耐干露性能差异的增大而呈显著增大的趋势;(3)经主成分分析,提取到的4个特征值均大于1的主成分,累计贡献率达91.018%,其中第1主成分的贡献率高达57.974%,其载荷绝对值大于0.5的主要变量占形态比例指标总数的64.706%;(4)将A、B、C、D实验群体统归为干露处理淘汰群,E实验群体定义为干露处理选留群。采用逐步判别法,所建的Fisher分类函数方程组可较清晰地区分淘汰群和选留群个体,其中选留群个体的判别准确率P1、P2分别为100%和84.75%,淘汰群个体的判别准确率P1、P2分别为82%和100%,两者综合判别准确率为91%。     

脱落酸介导的逆境响应信号传导机制及在藻类中的分布与功能研究

植物激素是一类由植物合成的痕量有机物质,调控着植物的生长发育及对环境的适应。藻类属低级植物类群,且具有与高等植物类似的大多数激素类型,相对而言,藻类激素含量更少,却发挥着更高效的生理活性。无论在藻类,还是高等陆地植物,胁迫响应一直是研究十分活跃的领域。其中脱落酸(ABA)作为应激激素,所起的调节作用已得到人们的共识。本文总结了近些年关于ABA在藻类中的分布,ABA对抗氧化酶系的调控,ABA信号传导路径在陆地植物中的发现与代谢机制,以及利用蛋白质分子系统学对ABA信号传导途径的起源与进化的分析。在此基础上,提出未来藻类ABA参与的抗逆代谢调控研究应着重从潮间带海藻出发,参考陆地植物研究的成果,应用生物信息学结合生物化学等的手段,进行相关机制的探索。     

舟山近海日本囊对虾野生群体与越冬养成群体形态性状对体重和肉重影响的比较

于舟山近海日本囊对虾(Marsupenaeus japonicus)海捕野生群体和露天池塘越冬养成群体中各随机选取150尾作为测定样本,依次测量其体重(Y1)、肉重(Y2)、体长(X1)、头胸甲长(X2)、胸宽(X3)、胸高(X4)、第二腹节长(X5)、第二腹节宽(X6)、第二腹节高(X7)、尾节长(X8)、尾节宽(X9)、尾节高(X10)、眼径(X11)、眼窝距(X12)、额剑长(X13)、额剑上缘锯齿数(X14)等16项表型性状,并采用相关分析、通径分析和偏回归分析等方法定量研究了日本囊对虾形态性状对野生海捕群体与露天越冬养成群体体重和肉重的影响效应。结果表明:(1)两实验测定群体的体重和肉重与本研究中除X14外的其它形态性状的相关系数均达到极显著水平(P0.01);(2)经通径分析,海捕野生群体被保留的形态性状与体重和肉重的复相关指数分别为0.944和0.837,露天越冬养成群体被保留的形态性状与体重和肉重的复相关指数分别为0.955和0.907,其中影响露天越冬养成群体体重和肉重的核心变量均为X1,重要变量依次为X2和X6,影响海捕野生群体体重和肉重的核心变量分别为X1和X2,重要变量均为X6;(3)经多元回归分析,得出了用于估算海捕野生群体体重和肉重的回归方程以及估算露天越冬养成群体体重和肉重的回归方程。     

Khai岛和Pathiu岛珊瑚礁沉积物细菌多样性及细菌粗提物延缓秀丽隐杆线虫衰老活性研究*

在Khai岛和Pathiu岛珊瑚礁生长海域采集2份珊瑚礁沉积物样品, 将样品预处理后采用6种分离培养基进行分离培养, 获得活性海洋细菌菌株, 通过PCR扩增和16s rRNA基因序列测定, 分析物种多样性, 并构建系统发育树。以模式生物秀丽隐杆线虫为模型考察菌株发酵提取物延缓衰老的作用。实验结果表明, 从4种样品中分离鉴定出22株细菌, 分别属于11目13科14属。16S rRNA基因序列相似性低于98.65%的细菌有2株, 疑似为潜在新种。GXIMD014 (Vibrio galatheae)和GXIMD112 (Kocuria kristinae)的500μg·mL^-1细菌粗提物具有延缓线虫衰老的活性, 能不同程度的延长线虫寿命, 提高线虫产卵量、运动能力、热激损伤能力、抗氧化损伤能力、体内酶活性以及改善虫体表皮形态。Khai岛和Pathiu岛珊瑚礁沉积物细菌具有较高的物种多样性, 蕴藏着丰富的微生物资源, 且部分细菌菌株具有延缓衰老的生物活性。     

Two new species of medusae (Cnidaria) from the coastal waters of the northern Beibu Gulf

Medusae in 116 samples collected from the coastal waters of the northern Beibu Gulf during four seasonal oceanographic cruises from October 2017 to August 2018 were analyzed. In total, 34 species were identified. Two of the species are new to science, Proboscidactyla pentacanalis Xu, Chen & Yang sp. nov. and Helgicirrha apapillata Xu, Chen & Wang sp. nov., and three species are newly recorded in the Beibu Gulf, i.e., Hydractinia vacuolata Xu & Huang, 2006, Proboscidactyla flavicirrat...     

Significant population genetic structuring of the holoplanktic scyphozoan Pelagia noctiluca in the Atlantic Ocean

Pelagia noctiluca is thought to have a global distribution, yet our understanding of genetic connectivity across the range of this problem animal is poor. Here, we investigate the genetic structure of populations off southern Africa using mitochondrial COI and nuclear ITS1 and ITS2 genes, and compare the results to recent work conducted in the North-East Atlantic. Analyses showed significant differentiation between the southern and northern Atlantic population groups (COI Φ _st = 0.72, ITS2 Φ _st = 0.23, p < 0.001), which suggests historical rather than contemporary gene flow. Southern African samples showed high haplotypic (h = 1) and low nucleotide (π = 0.008) diversity, similar to those from Europe. Phylogenetic analyses suggest South African samples to have diverged earlier than those from the northern Atlantic.     

Repeat photography as a tool for detecting and monitoring historical changes in South African coastal habitats

Repeat photography was used to illustrate long-term changes occurring in coastal habitats in the Western Cape, South Africa. Historic images were sourced from books and theses, the public and subject specialists, and repeat photographs were then taken from the same perspectives. Visible changes could be categorised into four types: (1) changes in species’ ranges; (2) biological invasions; (3) sea level changes; and (4) direct engineering impacts. In terms of range changes, the images depict a progressive easterly spread of the cold-water kelp Ecklonia maxima and parallel easterly contraction of the warmer-water mussel Perna perna, both evidence for declining water temperatures along the South-West Coast. Since c. 1980 most shores have also become conspicuously invaded by the alien Mediterranean mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis, while those on the West Coast have also been visibly invaded by the more-recently introduced Pacific barnacle Balanus glandula. No changes in vertical zonation due to changing sea levels could be detected, despite suitable images being available. Construction along the shore has radically altered the appearance of the shoreline in urban areas. Repeat photography thus proved a useful tool for both detecting and dramatically illustrating historic changes over the past century. These changes have altered substantially both the appearance and ecological attributes of many rocky shores in this region.     

Frigate tuna Auxis thazard in New Zealand waters (note)

Previous records of the frigate tuna Auxis thazard (Lacépède, 1802) were probably misidentifications of the slender tuna Allothunnus fallai. Frigate tuna were caught on the north‐east coast of New Zealand during 1975–76; the modal fork length of 176 specimens was 32–34 cm, and more detailed morpho‐metry and counts from 4 specimens are presented.     

Organic wastewater effects on benthic invertebrates in the Manawatu River

The effects of the 3 main wastewater discharges on the benthic fauna of the Manawatu River were studied between March 1979 and January 1980. At least 4 replicate Surber samples were taken from each of 6 sites, on 5 occasions during this period. Deleatidium sp. (Ephemeroptera), Hydora sp. (Coleoptera), and the Chironomidae were the most useful indicator organisms, according to a ranking system based on the occurrence of significant differences (P<0.05) between populations at different sites. These taxa exhibited significant differences between sites in about 70% of all inter‐site comparisons, using Mann‐Whitney U‐tests. The Coefficient of Similarity was successful at summarising the comparisons between the clean‐water and down‐stream sites, ranging between 95% similarity to the clean‐water site for a recovery site in winter, and less than 10% similarity to the clean water site for the lower reaches in summer. It is suggested that relative indices may be more appropriate than absolute indices for measuring water pollution. Water quality, indicated by species diversity, was generally good (allowing for the effects of agricultural runoff), although midsummer organic loading induced marked changes in benthic species composition, including the disappearance of Deleatidium sp. from several sites.