New pelecinid wasps (Hymenoptera: Pelecinidae) from the Yixian Formation of western Liaoning,China

A new species, Shoushida infera sp. nov. and a new genus with a new species, Stelepelecinus longus gen. et sp. nov., both in Pelecinidae, are described and illustrated. All specimens were collected from the Lower Cretaceous of Yixian Formation, Jehol Biota at Huangbanjigou, Beipiao City, western Liaoning Province, China. The forewing of Shoushida infera sp. nov. has a rudimentary “X” pattern, formed by veins of Rs, Rs₁, Rs₂ and 2r-rs, which is similar to but slightly different from that of Shoushida regilla Liu, Shih et Ren, 2009. Consistent with the phylogeny of Pelecinidae reported by Shih et al., 2010, this new species and S. regilla represent a transition between basal and crown pelecinids and the rudimentary “X” pattern evolved later to a more developed and robust “X” pattern in more derived pelecinids. In addition, the long petiole of the basalmost segment of metasoma, present in the male Stelepelecinus longus gen. et sp. nov., is documented for the first time, suggesting a likely Early Cretaceous origination of metasomal evolution leading to the thin and long petiole structure in the extant male Pelecinus thoracicus. We proposed two probable pathways of the transformation of the pelecinid male metasoma from the most plesiomorphic state to the more apomorphic states.     

A new hangingfly (Insecta,Mecoptera, Bittacidae) from the Purbeck Limestone Group (Lower Cretaceous) of southern England and a review of Cretaceous Bittacidae

Rapid radiation of the Bittacidae during the Jurassic resulted in high diversity within this family of Mecoptera. More than 40 species within 23 genera have been described from this period. However, around the end of the Jurassic the abundance and diversity of Bittacidae decreased and only seven species in five genera are known to date from the Cretaceous. A new specimen from the basal Cretaceous of England, Tytthobittacus jarzembowski sp. nov., described here, represents the eighth species and the second fossil representative of this family from the European Cretaceous. This hangingfly belongs to an extant and relictual genus previously known only from Australia. The paper also includes a review of all known Cretaceous bittacids and a re-examination of European species Antiquanabittacus nanus Petrulevičius and Jarzembowski, 2004.     

First record of fossil comb-clawed beetles of the tribe Cteniopodini (Insecta: Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) from the Jehol Biota (Yixian formation of China), Lower Cretaceous

A new genus and species Platycteniopus diversoculatus is described from the Lower Cretaceous (Yixian Formation, Laoning, China). The new genus belongs to the tribe Cteniopodini as shown by six visible abdominal ventrites (ventrite 6 is sternite VIII), in comparison with other Alleculinae which have five abdominal ventrites; epistomal canthus of eyes not emarginate; anterior margin of first abdominal ventrite not bordered. On the other hand, Platycteniopus diversoculatus has some characters not typical for Cteniopodini: bifid mandibles and serrate antennae. The oldest representative of the tribe has combination of characters of tribes Alleculini and Cteniopodini. Recent representatives of Cteniopodini are associated with flowers of angiosperms, while other groups of Alleculinae, especially Gonoderini and Alleculini are mainly saprophagous and lichenophagous. Age of Platycteniopus finding coincides with the beginning of the angiosperms heyday.     

日本囊对虾(Marsupenaeus japonicus)秋繁同生群仔虾不同耐干露性能群体间的形态表型差异

于水温(18.0±1.0)?C、盐度20、p H 8.1±0.2条件下,以日本囊对虾秋繁同生群仔虾[总长(7.643±0.639)mm]为实验对象,以离水干露为胁迫因子,在确认其离水干露160min内的复水成活率为100%和离水干露240min时的复水存活率略低于5%后,借助显微扫描像素测量技术和多元分析方法定量研究了A、B、C、D、E实验群体(依次为干露处理160—180、180—200、200—220、220—240min时段内的死亡群体和干露处理240min时的存活群体)间形态表型特征的差异。结果表明:(1)在所涉15项形态性状中,各实验群体间均无显著差异(P0.05)的性状多达10项,依次为第一触角柄长、额剑长、眼径、第一腹节长、第二腹节长、第三腹节长、第四腹节长、第五腹节长、尾节长和尾节高;(2)在所涉17项形态比例指标中,各实验群体间均无显著差异(P0.05)的指标仅为3项,依次为头胸甲长/总长、头胸甲高/头胸甲长和尾节高/尾节长,群体间的欧氏距离均达到极显著水平(P0.01),且有随耐干露性能差异的增大而呈显著增大的趋势;(3)经主成分分析,提取到的4个特征值均大于1的主成分,累计贡献率达91.018%,其中第1主成分的贡献率高达57.974%,其载荷绝对值大于0.5的主要变量占形态比例指标总数的64.706%;(4)将A、B、C、D实验群体统归为干露处理淘汰群,E实验群体定义为干露处理选留群。采用逐步判别法,所建的Fisher分类函数方程组可较清晰地区分淘汰群和选留群个体,其中选留群个体的判别准确率P1、P2分别为100%和84.75%,淘汰群个体的判别准确率P1、P2分别为82%和100%,两者综合判别准确率为91%。     

不同养殖海域栉孔扇贝(Chlamys farreri)混合家系的通径分析

为了深入认识栉孔扇贝(Chlamys farreri)壳尺寸性状和体重之间的关系,达到通过直观可见形状判断非直观性状,在栉孔扇贝苗种培育中指导种贝挑选工作的目的,本实验将600余只扇贝分别于三个不同纬度养殖环境(山东青岛、山东荣成和辽宁大连)下养殖一年后测量其性状数据,包括壳长、壳高、壳宽、体重,进行壳尺寸性状对体重性状的通径分析。偏回归系数统计表明,除大连海域壳长对体重的偏回归系数为0.266,差异不显著(P0.05)外,其它参数对体重均极显著(P0.01),表明大多数自变量和因变量之间都有极显著的共线性关系。对各个海域建立以壳尺寸为自变量,体重为因变量的回归方程,得出通径系数、各性状间的相关性指数以及各参数对体重的决定系数,计算出了不同养殖地点的栉孔扇贝壳尺寸性状和体重之间关系的回归方程。通径分析显示,对青岛海域栉孔扇贝体重直接作用最大的是壳高,对荣成海域栉孔扇贝体重直接作用最大的是壳长,而对大连海域栉孔扇贝体重直接作用最大的是壳宽。因此,以体重为目标挑选青岛海域的种贝时,应以壳高为优先选择指标;挑选荣成海域的种贝时,优先选择壳长;挑选大连海域的种贝时,优先选择壳宽。不同养殖海域栉孔扇贝的通径分析为栉孔扇贝亲贝的挑选提供了理论支持。     

改性粘土絮凝法对小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)生理生化性质的影响

改性粘土治理赤潮生物的主要原理是絮凝作用,但水体中未被去除的微藻对改性粘土有怎样的生理生化响应尚不清楚。本文以小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)为模式生物,考察了改性粘土絮凝后水体中残余小球藻生理生化性质的变化情况。研究发现,经改性粘土或原土絮凝后,残余小球藻的生长受到了明显抑制,其丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)含量迅速上升,改性粘土组的MDA含量高于原土组。除了原土组过氧化氢酶(catalase,CAT)活性相比对照组没有明显变化外,改性粘土组和原土组超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)、CAT、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(ascorbate peroxidase,APX)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(glutathione peroxidase,GSH-PX)等酶活,均呈现先上升后下降、并稳定在较高水平的变化趋势。原土组各酶活普遍低于改性粘土组,但GSH-PX活性则相反。结果表明,改性粘土不仅能高效去除水体中的小球藻,而且能够刺激残余的藻细胞积累较多的O2-·和H2O2,从而对藻细胞造成过氧化伤害,抑制未被去除部分海洋微藻的正常生长。     

Modelling the influence of environmental and weather factors on the density of the invasive polychaete Boccardia proboscidea

The inter‐tidal zone around sewage discharges in a Southwest Atlantic shore (Mar del Plata, Argentina) is currently colonized by extensive inter‐tidal reefs of the invasive spionid Boccardia proboscidea. Understanding the links between both human and natural disturbances and the massive development of non‐indigenous species will help prevent marine bioinvasions, which are already favoured by global oceanic trade. We present herein predictive models for variations in the density of B. proboscidea around sewage discharges of Mar del Plata, using environmental (pH, turbidity, temperature, salinity and total organic matter content), weather (wind direction and storm records), spatial (sites) and temporal (season and year) variables. Density variations were modelled by generalized linear models, and model averaging (multimodel inference) was used to obtain predicted values. The highest predicted values of B. proboscidea density occurred at sites to the south of the sewage effluent in spring. These sites are more affected by urban effluent discharges and they showed increased B. proboscidea density when the north wind was predominant. In addition, B. proboscidea density values were higher in sites with 20–22 °C (seawater temperature), high total organic matter content in sediments and low salinity. The averaged model was only a good ‘predictive model’ for sites to the north of the outfall, but was useful as an ‘explanatory model’ in all sites. Such predictions may help to back up conservation and management policies and decisions.     

Brochocolein beetles (Insecta: Coleoptera) from the Lower Cretaceous of northeast China and southern England

Lower Cretaceous beetles belonging to the extinct tribe Brochocoleini (Coleoptera: Cupedidae: Ommatinae) are revised and five new species proposed in the extinct Eurasian genus Brochocoleus: Brochocoleus yangshuwanziensis sp. nov. (Yixian Formation, China); Brochocoleus crowsonae sp. nov., Brochocoleus keenani sp. nov., Brochocoleus tobini sp. nov. (Weald Clay Group, UK); and Brochocoleus maximus sp. nov. (Purbeck Limestone Group, UK). New morphological data is provided for Brochocoleus impressus and Brochocoleus sulcatus stat. nov. of which Brochocoleus angustus is considered a synonym (Yixian Fm.). The hindwing venation is described for the first time supporting the basal position of this tribe. A simple key is provided to all Cretaceous species of this presumably xylophagous, warm climate genus.     

中国首次北极科学考察沿线气溶胶可溶性成分的分析

中国首次北极科学考察沿线采集的大气气溶胶样品可溶性成分分析表明,大气气溶胶的平均载量为195neq·m^-3,Na⁺和Cl^-的贡献为0%,NH₄⁺和SO₄^2-的贡献为27%,nssSO₄^2-对SO₄^2-的贡献为8%.气溶胶中阴、阳离子总量基本相当,大气环境呈中性.气溶胶中可溶性成分具有较强的纬度变化特征.根据离子的变化态势可将离子分为3大类,即1)Na⁺,Cl^-,SO₄^2-,K⁺,Mg²⁺,Ca²⁺;2)NH₄⁺,NO₃^-;3)MSA.Na⁺和Cl^-具有较好的线性关系,Cl^-/Na⁺的当量浓度比为1.01,小于其在海水中的比值1.1.NH₄⁺和NO₃^-的浓度随纬度的增加呈现减少的趋势,说明在低纬度近海岸地区人类活动的污染相当强烈.MSA的浓度在白令海区出现高值,与Shemya(52°N,174°E)站夏季浓度1.79±0.83neq·m^-3(170±79ng·m^-3)相当.通过与不同海区夏季释放DMS的通量对比,进一步证明了低温有利于DMS向MSA的转化.