云南建水煌斑岩年代学和地球化学及其构造意义

华南大陆内部燕山期的岩浆事件可分为2期:燕山早期180~150 Ma,燕山晚期140~80 Ma。而处于扬子板块西南缘的滇黔贵等地,仅见有第二期晚白垩世中酸性侵入岩与相关成矿作用,缺乏第一期岩浆活动的时间记录。本文在滇东建水地区首次发现了麦地村煌斑岩,对其进行高精度LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年和主微量元素测试分析。结果显示煌斑岩的锆石U-Pb年龄为(158.4±2.4)Ma(MSWD=4.2),为晚侏罗世的产物,补充了该区较为空白的第一期岩浆热事件。麦地村煌斑岩不相容元素明显高于原始地幔,表现出不同程度的富集,大离子亲石元素Rb、Ba、Ce等富集程度不明显,高场强元素中U、Ta、Pb等表现出一定程度富集,LREE相对富集,HREE相对亏损,不具有Nb-Ta-Ti负异常的俯冲型配分曲线特征,具有明显的OIB型洋岛玄武岩稀土元素配分特征,为板内伸展环境下的产物。滇东地区发育中生代时期的NNE构造,早期NNE向褶皱叠加有后期同方向正断层。早期褶皱表现为SEE-NWW挤压应力作用下的构造特征,后期断层表现出同方向张应力作用下的特征。煌斑岩正是由于该区发生挤压之后伴随着一期应力松弛调整,伸展减压作用诱发地幔物质部分融熔,来自于深处的软流圈地幔流体与岩石圈地幔发生交代作用,形成富集型地幔,交代富集的岩石圈地幔局部受热、部分熔融,发生上升侵位。煌斑岩的侵位时间即是滇东地区中生代从挤压向伸展转换的起始时间。     

WP和NAO对中国东南部冬季温度的协同影响

利用NCEP/NCAR和ERA-Interim再分析资料,通过多元线性回归等分析方法,研究了西太平洋遥相关型(Western Pacific teleconnection,WP)和北大西洋涛动(North Atlantic Oscillation,NAO)的不同配置对中国东南部冬季气温的影响.结果 表明:WP正位相年,...     

国土空间规划中城镇空间和城镇开发边界的划定

在2016年国务院印发的《省级空间规划试点方案》所提出的“开展基础评价”和“绘制规划底图”两项主要任务中,城镇适宜性的评价与城镇空间、城镇开发边界的划定属于核心内容,同时也是一项具有较强探索性的工作。以国家对国土空间规划的基本设想为依据,对城镇空间和城镇开发边界的概念和内涵、空间关系、相关规则进行深入探讨,确定了城镇适宜性评价与城镇空间、城镇开发边界划定的主要思路和技术路线。结合福建省空间规划的案例,分析了城镇适宜性评价与城镇空间、城镇开发边界划定的过程、方法和结果。不同于以往各部门开展的空间性规划,城镇空间和城镇开发边界的划定建立在资源环境承载能力和国土空间开发适宜性的基础评价之上,这使得城镇开发建设活动的空间布局在资源环境本底方面得到合理保障,城镇空间和城镇开发边界的划定也有了较为科学、客观的依据。此外,把基础底图的研制与城镇发展潜能、城镇开发指向的评估,以及开发建设的规模管控、空间管控、开发强度管控系统地整合起来,使得规划底图的随意性得到了较好的控制。实践表明,本文的思路和技术方法是合理可行的,这一尝试可为空间规划理论和方法体系的完善提供参考。     

美国海上油气田租赁开发和环评体系研究

美国海洋油气环评贯穿于外大陆架油气区域租赁销售和开发的各个阶段。文章从美国外大陆架租赁范围界定入手,介绍油气区域租赁开发所经历的5年规划、区域销售、勘探和开发生产各阶段所涉及的环评文件类型。着重分析美国海洋油气开发环评体系、工作程序和文件内容,最后提出对我国海洋油气开发环评的启示,即:海洋油气规划环评在先;公众参与的早期介入;全过程政府环评;环评审查不等于排污许可。     

Trophic organisation and predator–prey interactions among commercially exploited demersal finfishes in the coastal waters of the southeastern Arabian Sea

Trophic interactions in commercially exploited demersal finfishes in the southeastern Arabian Sea of India were studied to understand trophic organization with emphasis on ontogenic diet shifts within the marine food web. In total, the contents of 4716 stomachs were examined from which 78 prey items were identified. Crustaceans and fishes were the major prey groups to most of the fishes. Based on cluster analysis of predator feeding similarities and ontogenic diet shift within each predator, four major trophic guilds and many sub-guilds were identified. The first guild ‘detritus feeders’ included all size groups of Cynoglossus macrostomus, Pampus argenteus, Leiognathus bindus and Priacanthus hamrur. Guild two, named ‘Shrimp feeders’, was the largest guild identified and included all size groups of Rhynchobatus djiddensis and Nemipterus mesoprion, medium and large Nemipterus japonicus, P. hamrur and Grammoplites suppositus, small and medium Otolithes cuvieri and small Lactarius lactarius. Guild three, named ‘crab and squilla feeders’, consisted of few predators. The fourth trophic guild, ‘piscivores’, was mainly made up of larger size groups of all predators and all size groups of Pseudorhombus arsius and Carcharhinus limbatus. The mean diet breadth and mean trophic level showed strong correlation with ontogenic diet shift. The mean trophic level varied from 2.2 ± 0.1 in large L. bindus to 4.6 ± 0.2 in large Epinephelus diacanthus and the diet breadth from 1.4 ± 0.3 in medium P. argenteus to 8.3 ± 0.2 in medium N. japonicus. Overall, the present study showed that predators in the ecosystem have a strong feeding preference for the sergestid shrimp Acetes indicus, penaeid shrimps, epibenthic crabs and detritus.     

青藏高原东南缘构造应力场重构

采用有限元方法,针对青藏高原东南缘建立更细致、更精确的三维有限元弹性模型。选取9种不同的应力边界条件,分别进行优化分析后处理,将对应台站形变模拟值与GPS实测值进行误差分析,最终选取最佳方案作为古构造应力场。结果表明,青藏高原东南缘4 Ma BP的古应力场主要起源于中国大陆周围板块的相互作用,特别是印度板块NNE向强烈碰撞作用,成为中国大陆尤其是西南部青藏高原地区构造应力场最主要的动力来源,控制各个块体相互作用的方式和运动格局。青藏高原东南缘古应力场主要包括几个力源：西北部青藏高原侧向挤压造成的WE向应力约105 MPa;西南部直接来自于印度板块的NE-WS向应力约70 MPa;南部NS向作用力33 MPa;东南部扬子块体侧向NW-SE阻挡力56 MPa;北东部受扬子块体强烈EW向阻挡力90 MPa。这些力源共同作用于青藏高原东南缘,形成现今复杂应力场。
     

Establishment and closure of the directed Florida whiting (Menticirrhus americanus) fishery and implications for North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis) conservation and management

Today, ocean and coastal marine resource management is extremely complex. Marine resource managers are charged with conserving and managing many diverse species. Southern kingfish (Menticirrhus americanus), commonly known as whiting, are found from southern New England to Florida. During the fall through winter, western North Atlantic right whales (Eubalaena glacialis) are primarily found in the coastal nearshore waters off South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida, overlapping the whiting's range and habitat.     

青藏高原东南缘现今地壳形变与多尺度应变率场特征

利用青藏高原东南缘1999~2007年与2011~2017年高精度GNSS监测资料,充分顾及GNSS测站非均匀分布的特性,构建青藏高原东南缘地壳形变多尺度球面小波模型,定量分析汶川强震前后该区域地壳形变与不同空间尺度下地壳应变率场变化特征。研究结果表明,汶川强震前后研究区整体地壳运动具有一定继承性发展特征,均在龙门山、安宁河、则木河与小江断裂处形成明显的速度差异梯度带,且高应变率值也主要聚集在上述主干断裂及附近区域;汶川强震后,研究区域整体地壳运动速率量值,特别是龙门山断裂带西北侧地壳运动速度量值显著增大,羌塘、巴颜喀拉与川滇地块也呈现出加速向南东运移并推动华南块体的趋势。不同尺度下的应变率场反映出不同空间范围下区域应变积累特征,青藏高原东南缘区域在尺度因子q=7时的计算结果是合理的（合理的最大尺度因子）;当尺度因子q=6时,能较好地揭示出区域整体构造活动特性,即清晰地揭示出汶川强震后龙门山断裂处呈现出的显著主压应变、面压缩与最大剪应变率高值特征;当尺度因子q=3~7时（最佳组合尺度因子）,可较好地综合揭示出区域地壳大尺度（整体）形变与局部形变特征。汶川强震后,研究区域主干断裂带,特别是震中及其附近区域地震活动性显著增强。     

青藏高原东南缘次林错岩体晚白垩世—早新生代快速剥蚀

青藏高原东南缘是研究构造、地貌演化和气候变化相互作用的理想场所,前人研究主要揭示了晚始新世—早中新世和晚中新世以来的快速剥蚀事件,缺乏晚白垩世—早新生代时期地貌演化过程的研究。次林错花岗岩已有的低温热年代学数据覆盖了整个新生代时期,为探索该区域新生代早期的剥露演化历史提供了重要资料。该岩体新生代早期冷却事件是岩浆冷却单一作用的结果,还是受快速剥蚀作用的影响,目前仍然存疑,需要定量研究。因此,本文结合已有的岩石地化和年代学数据,对次林错花岗岩开展了锆石饱和温度和一维岩浆冷却模拟研究。锆石饱和温度计算结果表明次林错花岗岩的岩浆结晶温度介于647～705℃之间,属低温花岗岩。一维岩浆冷却模拟结果显示岩体侵位时的最小围岩温度为160～120℃,对应深度约为3.7～5.0 km。结合锆石和磷灰石(U-Th)/He年代学数据,本文认为该岩体在晚白垩世—早新生代时期(67～40 Ma)经历了一期剥蚀量至少为2 km的快速剥蚀事件。已发表成果的综合分析表明,此次快速剥露事件可能是整个青藏高原地区广泛存在的构造剥蚀事件,新特提斯洋的俯冲闭合与印亚板块的初始碰撞可能是触发此次大规模区域剥蚀的主要原因。     

Paleoclimate studies and natural-resource management in the Murray-Darling Basin I: past,present and future climates

This paper provides an incisive review of paleoclimate science and its relevance to natural-resource management within the Murray-Darling Basin (MDB). The drought of 1997–2010 focussed scientific, public and media attention on intrinsic climate variability and the confounding effect of human activity, especially in terms of water-resource management. Many policy and research reviews make statements about future planning with little consideration of climate change and without useful actionable knowledge. In order to understand future climate changes, modellers need, and demand, better paleoclimate data to constrain their model projections. Here, we present an insight into a number of existing long-term paleoclimate studies relevant to the MDB. Past records of climate, in response to orbital forcing (glacial–interglacial cycles) are found within, and immediately outside, the MDB. High-resolution temperature records, spanning the last 10⁵ years, exist from floodplains and cave speleothems, as well as evidence from lakes and their associated lunettes. More recently, historical climate records show major changes in relation to El Niño–Southern Oscillation cycles and decadal shifts in rainfall regimes. A considerable body of research currently exists on the past climates of southeastern Australia but, this has not been collated and validated over large spatial scales. It is clear that a number of knowledge gaps still exist, and there is a pressing need for the establishment of new paleoclimatic research within the MDB catchment and within adjacent, sensitive catchments if past climate science is to fulfil its potential to provide policy-relevant information to natural-resource management into the future.