The double solid reactant method: II. An application to the shallow groundwaters of the Porto Plain,Vulcano Island (Italy)

This paper presents an example of application of the double solid reactant method (DSRM) of Accornero and Marini (Environmental Geology, 2007a), an effective way for modeling the fate of several dissolved trace elements during water–rock interaction. The EQ3/6 software package was used for simulating the irreversible water–rock mass transfer accompanying the generation of the groundwaters of the Porto Plain shallow aquifer, starting from a degassed diluted crateric steam condensate. Reaction path modeling was performed in reaction progress mode and under closed-system conditions. The simulations assumed: (1) bulk dissolution (i.e., without any constraint on the kinetics of dissolution/precipitation reactions) of a single solid phase, a leucite-latitic glass, and (2) precipitation of amorphous silica, barite, alunite, jarosite, anhydrite, kaolinite, a solid mixture of smectites, fluorite, a solid mixture of hydroxides, illite-K, a solid mixture of saponites, a solid mixture of trigonal carbonates and a solid mixture of orthorhombic carbonates. Analytical concentrations of major chemical elements and several trace elements (Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Sr and Ba) in groundwaters were satisfactorily reproduced. In addition to these simulations, similar runs for a rhyolite, a latite and a trachyte permitted to calculate major oxide contents for the authigenic paragenesis which are comparable, to a first approximation, with the corresponding data measured for local altered rocks belonging to the silicic, advanced argillic and intermediate argillic alteration facies. The important role played by both the solid mixture of trigonal carbonates as sequestrator of Mn, Zn, Cu and Ni and the solid mixture of orthorhombic carbonates as scavenger of Sr and Ba is emphasized.

中国若干固体矿床He、Ar同位素研究

本文以成矿阶段放物中的汉体包裹体为测定对象，研究了哀牢山金矿带内3个金矿床、马厂箐斑岩铜矿床、金顶铅-锌矿床和白云鄂博稀土-铌-铁矿床的He、Ar同位素组成。结果表明，He、Ar同位素对揭示成矿古流体的成因，具有灵敏感的示踪作用。     

顶空进样-固相微萃取测定饮用水源水中吡啶

用75 μm Carboxen^TM-Polydimethylsiloxane(CAR-PDMS)固相微萃取头顶空萃取15 mL水样中的吡啶,萃取物用气相色谱-质谱法进行分离和检测,采用内标法和质谱的选择离子监测模式进行定量分析。优化了顶空进样-固相微萃取条件,获得较佳的萃取温度(58.0℃)和萃取时间(40 min)。在优化的条件下,方法检出限为1.5 μg/L,标准曲线的线性相关系数为0.9994,线性范围为2.5~50.0 μg/L;饮用水源水和纯水加标平均回收率为75.6%~81.3%,相对标准偏差(RSD,n=6)为9.60%~12.21%。使用顶空萃取方式可避免样品基体的复杂性,有利于保护萃取头涂层,同时无需使用有机萃取溶剂;使用质谱检测器可减小假阳性带来的影响。顶空进样-固相微萃取操作简单、环保、灵敏度高,适合用于饮用水源水中吡啶的监测分析。     

Geochemical assessement of actinide isolation in a German salt repository environment

A significant criterion in evaluating disposal strategies for high-level nuclear waste is the assessment of the isolation capacity for the most radiotoxic radionuclides, the actinides. Important processes pertinent to potential mobilization from the waste forms, retention in secondary phases and migration of actinides in the geochemical environment of the near field of disposal locations are summarized. Criteria are formulated for assessing engineered barrier performance as a geochemical barrier for actinide long-term retention.     

Rock Mass Characteristics in Beishan, A Preselected Area for China’s High-Level Radioactive Waste Disposal

Geological and hydrological characteristics, joint geometric features, rock physical and mechanical properties and rock mass quality are studied in the Beishan area, preselected for China’s high-level radioactive waste (HLW) disposal engineering. A comprehensive survey method is developed to study joint geometric features in the outcrop and samples from borehole BS06 into the Xinchang rock mass were tested. The optimal joint sets are determined by rose diagrams and equal-area lower hemisphere plots of joint poles. Results show that: 1) the distribution of joint occurrence obeys a normal distribution, while the distribution of joint spacing obeys a negative exponential distribution; 2) concentric circular and tangent circular sampling windows are applied to study the trace length and the trace midpoint density. Results indicate that tangent circular sampling window is more stable and reasonable; 3) Beishan granite shows high density, low porosity and high strength based on many laboratory tests and the physical properties and mechanical properties are closely related; and 4) a synthesis index, Joint Structure Rating (JSR), is applied to evaluate the quality of rock mass. Through the research results of rock mass characteristics, the Xinchang rock mass in the Beishan preselected area has the favorable conditions for China’s HLW disposal repository site.     

超细固体悬浮液进样-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定土壤中的微量元素

固体进样技术应用于土壤样品测量领域,一直受制于样品粒径的限制,无法应用在配有气动雾化器的分析仪器上。本文系统研究了土壤样品超细粉碎技术,在乙醇介质下,数分钟内将其粉碎至微米级,经此制成的固体悬浮液直接进行电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测定,可以避免气动雾化器的堵塞。标准物质测定表明,样品粒径为6.8μm时,固体悬浮液进样仍然存在干扰,通过在固体悬浮液中加入少量氢氟酸和硝酸,对固体悬浮液进行改性,减小了固体悬浮液中固体颗粒粒径,从而减少了样品粒径的影响,可用ICP-MS测定土壤中锂铍钒铬镍铜锌铷锶镉铯钡铅等13个微量元素。经国家一级标准物质验证,本方法的最大相对误差在10.5%左右,多数元素的相对误差小于5%,相对标准偏差(RSD)小于5.4%(镉元素除外),满足了DZ/G 0130—2006质量控制要求。     

滇东北镇雄硫磺矿区环境地质问题及其对策与意义

硫磺渣是硫磺矿区主要的矿业固废,其随意堆放可产生一系列的环境地质问题,并对山水林田湖草等自然资源、环境及人的健康构成较大危害。滇东北地区长期以硫铁矿为原料、以煤炭为燃料,土法炼硫生产硫磺,导致巨量硫磺渣堆积,产生了严重的环境地质问题。本文针对该地区镇雄县硫磺矿区,调查了小硫磺生产形成硫磺渣的规模和特征,梳理了该硫磺矿区主要环境地质问题及其对当地生态环境的影响,认为目前镇雄硫磺矿区存在的环境污染、自然资源破坏及可能形成的矿渣性泥石流等环境地质现状与过去40多年的小硫磺生产密切相关。基于以上认识,强调应结合矿业固废无害化、减量化和资源化技术政策,从资源回收利用、生态环境恢复、地质灾害防治和文化遗产保护方面探讨和提出镇雄硫磺矿区矿渣治理和生态修复的新理念和新对策。     

镍铜硫化物矿石中磁黄铁矿固溶体的退火及其选矿意义

磁黄铁矿固治体从硫化物熔体结晶后，在缓慢冷却过程中经历了显著的退火。出治和出治体的租化是固治体退火的两种方式。叶片状的单斜磁黄铁矿和“火焰状”的镍黄铁矿原始出治相在降温过程中均可发生退火和租化。分布于磁黄铁矿等矿物粒间或包于磁黄铁矿粒内的粒状镍黄铁矿，不只是高温出治的直接产物，有一部分可能是由火焰状出治体租化而成的。磁黄铁矿中单斜变体的出治和租化可使矿石的磁性发生改变，镍黄铁矿出治体的租化使含镍矿物的粒度加大。因而，退火作用对矿石的选矿工艺性能有着显著影响。     

地下非均匀非饱和带中地下洞室的渗流问题数值模拟--介质参数的灵敏度分析

影响任何一个地下废物处置场所长期行为的一个重要因素是进入地下废物贮置洞室内的渗流量的大小，预测地下洞室中的渗流量是困难的，特别是当地下废物贮置洞室位于非均质非饱和带中，三维数值模型用于研究地下非均质中非饱和流动及流入地下洞室中的渗流量，讨论了非均质模型与均质模型的比较以及数值剖分尺度对计算结果的影响，进入洞室中的渗漏率随着引入系统中入渗量的增加而增大，选用4个参数来衡量渗流场的非均质程度：(1)介质的平均渗透率K0；(2)Van Genuchten参数α；(3)渗透率空间分布相关尺度；(4)渗透率空间分布变化的标准差σ，根据一个随机实现的渗透率分布，通过改变平均渗透率来研究其对流入洞室中渗透量的影响，对一个固定的入渗率而言，流入洞室中的渗漏率将随着Van Genuchten参数α的减小而减小，模拟结果表明流入洞室的渗漏率与介质的平均渗透率相关，即随平均渗透率的增大，流入洞室的渗漏率亦增大，流入洞室的渗漏率还高度依赖于非均质渗透率场的空间分布相关长度与标准差，一个大的相关长度或高的标准差均能导致流入洞室的渗漏率增大。     

光催化氧化法处理难降解废水的研究进展

综述了光催化氧化处理难降解废水的研究现状及发展趋势。介绍了影响光催化氧化反应速率的因素及光催化氧化法在处理难降解废水中的应用。