A modified analytical method for the shipboard determination of nanomolar concentrations of orthophosphate in seawater

A method for the determination of nanomolar concentrations of orthophosphate in oligotrophic seawater developed by Liang et al. (2007) has been modified to make it fully feasible for shipboard application and for faster sample throughput with minimized sample volume. The technique is based on the flow injection method with solid phase extraction on a Sep-Pak C18 cartridge and colorimetric detector. The Schlieren effect was minimized by rinsing the cartridge sequentially with 5 mL water and 2 mL 95% ethanol solution. With three micro pumps in parallel, savings of up to 80% in amount of reagents and 25% volume of seawater samples could be achieved in comparison to the previous method. Variation of stopped flow time and sample loading time gave 3 different standard curves, which corresponded to 3 linear ranges within 3.4 and 515 nM. The modified method permits the analysis of samples over a wide range of concentrations, and has been successfully applied to shipboard determination of trace orthophosphate in more than 200 seawater samples during a one-month cruise in the South China Sea. For seawater at concentrations of 20.6, 82.5, 206.2 nM orthophosphate, the relative standard deviations (RSD) (n = 6), determined daily for 6 days on board ship were 4.45%, 4.73% and 6.75%, respectively. Five seawater samples collected in the Station SEATS (South East Asia Time Series Station at 18°N, 116°E) were analyzed using the present method both on board and in a land-based laboratory, as well as with the magnesium hydroxide-induced coprecipitation (MAGIC) method, and showed no significant difference according to the statistical t-test.     

Second-order random interfacial wave solutions for two-layer fluid with a free surface

1 Introduction Interfacial waves travelling along the interface between two fluids of different densities can be often observed in subsurface layers of the ocean since the upper subsurface layer is warmer over much of the o- cean (Umeyama, 2002). They are…     

ANALYTICAL HAYAMI SOLUTION FOR THE DIFFUSIVE WAVE FLOOD ROUTING PROBLEM WITH LATERAL INFLOW

The diffusive wave equation is generally used in flood routing in rivers. The two parameters of the equation, celerity and diffusivity, are usually taken as functions of the discharge. If these two parameters can be assumed to be constant without lateral inflow, the diffusive wave equation may have an analytical solution: the Hayami model. A general analytical method, based on ‘Hayami’s hypothesis, is developed here which resolves the diffusive wave flood routing equation with lateral inflow or outflow uniformly distributed over a channel reach. Flood routing parameters are then identified using observed inflow and outflow and the Hayami model used to simulate outflow. Two examples are discussed. Firstly, the prediction of the hydrograph at a downstream section on the basis of a knowledge of the hydrograph at an upstream section and the lateral inflow. The second example concerns lateral inflow identification between an upstream and a downstream section on the basis of a knowledge of hydrographs at the upstream and downstream sections. The new general Hayami model was applied to flood routing simulation and for lateral inflow identification of the River Allier in France. The major advantages of the method relate to computer simulation, real-time forecasting and control applications in examples where numerical instabilities, in the solution of the partial differential equations must be avoided.     

上地幔超高压流体的金刚石压砧实验研究

地球深部流体主要是NaCl-H2O溶液,越到地球深部,它赋存的温度、压力越高,性质状态也不断变化,反之,亦然。当NaCl-H2O流体进入和脱离(上升过程)超临界状态时,其性质会发生截然不同的变化,影响着各种地质过程。使用金刚石压砧在高温高压下原位观测流体的实验,用谱学方法,结合同步辐射光源技术,成为定量化研究地球深部高温超高压流体的有效方法。作者使用同步辐射光源的红外谱研究了10GPa下的NaCl-H2O溶液;在地球化学动力学实验室研究了3GPa,650℃下的NaCl-H2O溶液红外谱,此测量方法可以提供温度压力和体积等数据,能研究其状态。NaCl-H2O溶液红外谱表明水分子主要振动谱受压力和温度影响是不同的。压力增加促使水分子主要振动谱向低波数变化。但是温度增加的效应相反。常温高压下水被压缩,结晶向紧密堆积变化。高温高压下的水有气、液、固和超临界流体各相。水分子间的氢键在近临界态开始减弱,氢键网络被破坏。     

内核地球自转动力学理论的研究进展(Ⅳ)——内核自转动力学方程

本文是序列文章的第四篇,其内容包括：基于连续介质力学的基本理论,给出了固体外核（SIC）自转的动力学方程,考虑了地球的自引力、液核对内核边界的压力和二阶外部引潮力位对SIC自转的影响,并在O(mε)的量级上给出了其实用的表达式.本文的理论推导更加严密和细致,改正了文献〔1〕在推导过程中的某些错误（例如：（B39）、（B44）和（B59c）式）.本文的工作是对文献〔1〕有关理论的扩展和改进,对进一步研究内核地球自转的动力学理论是非常重要的.     

用ArcIMS建立震源机制解数据发布系统方法浅析

随着WebGIS(网络地理信息系统)应用的不断深入,我们将WebGIS技术引入到震源机制解数据分析,通过将数据库信息与地理空间属性信息相结合,实现了数据库信息图形化,统计分析自动化,数据访问和查询网络化。本文通过介绍用ArcI MS3.1建立震源机制解数据发布系统,论述了ArcI MS体系结构,详述了中国及邻区地震震源机制解数据发布系统的总体结构和用ArcI MS建立震源机制解数据发布系统的方法,并就系统开发中的技术要点进行了论述。     

固体潮观测数据预处理中的常用方法及计算机实现

从地震台站产出的原始地形变前兆数据出发,提出实际操作性较强的预处理方法,从已编制好的软件中给出处理实例,从而提高地震台站观测人员的科研能力,填补资料预处理方面的某些空白,对于地震台站人员集观测、科研于一体有着十分重要的意义。从95-01-02项目厦门地震台前兆数据预处理的实践表明:这些方法取得了明显的实效,直到今天仍然具有很大的使用价值。     

闽江河口区沉积物中的抗生素分布特征及生态风险评价

采用固相萃取和液相色谱串联质谱(HPLC-MS/MS)分析方法对闽江河口区域沉积物中8类54种抗生素的含量以及分布特征进行分析探讨,并利用熵值法对抗生素的生态风险进行评价。结果表明,闽江河口区域24个站点共检出6类(大环内酯类、磺胺类、喹诺酮类、氯霉素类、硝基咪唑类和苯并咪唑类)19种抗生素,总量范围在4.16~64.74 ng/g,平均值为17.35 ng/g;其中大环内酯类、喹诺酮类和硝基咪唑类抗生素检出频率达到100%。抗生素总量的空间分布情况呈闽江河口上游>北港>南港>河口下游的趋势,人口密集区生活污水和医疗废水排放是上游和北港沉积物大环内脂类和喹诺酮类抗生素含量较高的主要原因,而海水养殖过程中的直接投放可能是河口下游硝基咪唑类抗生素的主要来源;生态风险评价结果显示,大部分抗生素的生态风险值RQ<1,然而替米考星和甲硝唑在研究区域的RQ>1,具有一定的潜在风险,可能会对该区域生态环境产生负面效应。     

基于SPE与SPATT的水体中麻痹性贝类毒素检测方法构建与应用

为实现麻痹性贝类毒素(paralytic shellfish poisoning,PSP)的实时监控与提前预警,本研究构建了基于固相萃取技术(solid phase extraction,SPE)与固相吸附毒素跟踪技术(solid phase adsorption toxin tracking,SPATT)的水体中PSP检测方法,重点优化了吸附材料及前处理方法,评价了回收率、检出限等指标,并将方法应用于2019年春季秦皇岛山海关海域PSP消长过程的监测中,比较评估了两种方法的监控预警效果。结果表明:SPE方法选用ENVI-Carb 500mg/6mL固相萃取柱,过样体积为50mL,13种PSP组分的平均回收率为82.2%±10.0%、检出限为4.0-20.0ng/L;SPATT方法选用SP207大孔吸附树脂,洗脱时间为静置Id最佳,整体回收率约为9.2%;在实际应用中,结合产毒藻密度及贻贝富集毒素含量的变化,发现SPE方法的检测结果可实时表征海域PSP风险状况,对于贻贝中PSP的预警效果也显著优于SAPTT方法,后者不仅因监控方式相对滞后一个监测周期,且灵敏度及准确性均较差。对于秦皇岛海域,当SPE方法检测结果达到100ng STX eq/L时,该海域贻贝中PSP残留将具有潜在的食用安全风险,跟踪过程表明这一阈值可提前两周预警贻贝富集毒素含量超出我国限量标准(800μg STX eq/kg),这对于强化风险警示并制定防范措施具有积极作用。     

Duffing振子系统周期解的唯一性与精确周期信号的获取方法

研究Duffing振子系统的周期解的唯一性与精确周期信号的获取方法. 应用定性分析方法,获得了一类Duffing振子系统具有唯一周期解的必要条件,同时也得到了一类更广泛的非线性周期系统的周期解的唯一性.在一定条件下,给出了Duffing振子系统精确周期信号的获取方法.