Equation for the field lines of an axisymmetric magnetic multipole

Summary. An exact equation is derived for the magnetic field lines of the general axisymmetric magnetic multipole of arbitrary degree ( n ). This new result has important applications in studies of the possible nature of solarterrestrial physics during geomagnetic polarity reversals. In the limiting case of a magnetic dipole ( n=1 ), the equation for the magnetic field lines of the general axisymmetric magnetic multipole simplifies correctly to the well-known dipolar form, which is used extensively in geomagnetism, magnetospheric physics and cosmic-ray physics as a first-order approximation to the actual configuration of the geomagnetic field.
It is also shown theoretically that suites of similar magnetic field lines of the general axisymmetric multipole attain their maximum radial distances from the origin on a set of circular conical surfaces, with coincident vertices at the centre of the Earth; this set includes the equatorial plane if the degree ( n ) of the multipole is odd. The magnetic field is horizontal everywhere on all these surfaces.
Palaeomagnetic studies have suggested that during some polarity reversals the magnetic field in the inner magnetosphere can be represented approximately either by a single, non-dipolar, low-degree (2 < n < 4), axisymmetric magnetic multipole or by a linear combination of such multipoles. In this situation, the equation for the field lines of an axisymmetric magnetic multipole of low degree (2 < n < 4) would be as fundamental to a proper understanding of magnetospheric, ionospheric and cosmic-ray physics during polarity reversals as is the equation for dipolar field lines in the case of the contemporary geomagnetic field.     

On the onset and meridional propagation of the ionospheric F2-region response to geomagnetic storms

The meridional propagation velocities of the ionospheric F2-region response to 268 geomagnetic storms are calculated. Ionospheric vertical sounding data of 1 h time resolution from several stations located in a longitude sector approximately centred along the great circle that contains both the geomagnetic poles and the geographic poles are used.Most meridional propagation velocities from high to low latitudes are less than 600 m/s. The smaller velocities are typical of global neutral meridional wind circulation and the larger are representative of traveling atmospheric disturbances.Simultaneous disturbances at several locations are more frequent during positive phases than during negative phases. Negative phase meridional propagation velocities associated with meridional neutral winds are less frequent in the southern hemisphere when compared with corresponding velocities observed in the northern hemisphere. This may be related to the fact that the distance between the geomagnetic pole and the equator is smaller in the northern hemisphere.Most negative phase onsets are within the 06–10 LT interval. For middle geomagnetic latitudes a “forbidden time interval” between 11 and 14 LT is present. The positive phase onsets show the “dusk effect”.     

Using VLBI fringe-phase information from geodetic experiments for short-period ionospheric studies

The usage of Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) fringe-phase information in geodetic VLBI is a new field of research, which can be used for the detection of short-period (i.e., several minutes) variations (scintillations) of the ionosphere. This paper presents a method for the extraction of such disturbances and discusses how dispersive influences can be separated from intra-scan delay variations. A proper functional and stochastic model for the separation of the different effects is presented and the algorithms are applied to real measurements. In an example, it is shown that a traveling ionospheric disturbance in Antarctica can be detected very precisely. A possible physical origin and the propagation properties of the disturbance are presented and the results are compared with GPS measurements. The benefit of this method for other applications is also discussed.     

The nonlinear development of disturbances in a zonal shear flow

Abstract

A study is made of the nonlinear stability of a weakly supercritical zonal shear flow in the β-plane approximation. The dynamics of initially small disturbances are examined. The main nonlinear effects are associated with the rearrangement of the critical layer. It is shown that as the wave grows in amplitude, linear regimes of the critical layer (viscous and nonstationary) change over to a nonlinear regime while the exponential law of disturbance growth becomes a power-law.     

Effects of the Sun on the Earth's environment

Solar disturbances are observed to have significant effects in near-Earth space. Over the past half-century of observation, a relatively clear picture has developed of how and why the typical solar wind — as well as the most extreme solar events — drive geospace responses. It is clear that magnetospheric substorms, geomagnetic storms (both recurrent and aperiodic events), and even certain atmospheric chemical changes have their origins in the solar–terrestrial coupling arena. High-speed solar wind streams and fast coronal mass ejections (CMEs) can often have strong interplanetary shock waves and southward magnetic fields which can initiate strong storm responses. We demonstrate in this review that available modern space-observing platforms and ground facilities allow us to trace drivers from the Sun to the Earth's atmosphere. This allows us to assess quantitatively the energy transport that occurs throughout the Sun–Earth system during both typical and extreme conditions. Hence, we are continuously improving our understanding of “space weather” and its effects on human society.     

大尺度凝结加热与中尺度位温扰动对冷锋锋生的作用

文中导得简化的包括大尺度凝结潜热的半地转锋生模式，利用该模式讨论了大尺度凝结加热和中尺度位温扰动对冷锋锋生的影响，给出了锋生过程中各物理量的演变图。计算结果表明，大尺度凝结加热对冷锋锋生具有加强作用，增大锋生率，增大上升运动速度，缩小上升运动区的范围，使之更具有中尺度系统特征，使非地转越锋环流增强并发生倾斜，凝结加热和中尺度位温扰动的结合是锋前暖区多重雨带形成的可能机制之一。     

2007年淮河流域致洪暴雨及其中尺度系统特征的分析

针对2007年6～7月的淮河致洪暴雨,采用NCEP资料、卫星TBB（Temperature of Black Body）资料、地面加密资料和1h的降水资料对此次暴雨过程进行了详细的分析,得到结果如下:1）2007年6～7月主汛期的暴雨带主要位于淮河流域,而不是像通常那样集中在长江中下游。时间长达30余天,超过2003年（持续20余天）。2）整个汛期从6月19日开始至7月26日结束,根据影响系统和雨区分布的不同,可将降水分为3个阶段。其中,第2阶段（6月29日～7月10日）降水最强,影响最大,与梅雨的降水有更多相似。在第2阶段中又有4次降水过程,其中第4次过程（7月7～9日）降水最强,导致10日在王家坝开闸泄洪。3）高纬度的阻塞形势（西阻型）有利于环流的稳定维持和暴雨的持续发生。4）副热带高压稳定在26°N,有利于雨带维持在32°N,另外南海季风涌沿副高西侧将大量水汽输送至淮河流域。5）在阻高和副高之间的西风带上,巴尔喀什湖为低槽区,不断有小股冷空气经我国西北和黄河上游沿偏西路径移至淮河流域,西风槽加深甚至在中国大陆出现切断低压,这在过去淮河暴雨期间不太多见,表明存在明显的中低纬度的相互作用。与此同时,在7月8日高空急流入口区（右侧）与低空急流出口区（左侧）相迭置耦合,非常有利于垂直运动的加强和暴雨的发生。6）在暴雨期间有中尺度低压（扰动）的发生发展,并有与之相关的中尺度云团、雨团甚至更小的中尺度对流系统出现,致使8日寿县24h降水量达262 mm之多。该次强暴雨与淮河流域前期多场强降水形成的高水位“遭遇”,引发了严重的洪水,其影响超过了2003年,成为了1954年以来淮河流域最严重的洪涝。       

太阳风引起的地磁扰动的辨识建模

本文作为地磁扰动系统辨识研究系列的第３篇文章，首先对太阳风－磁层能量耦合进行分析，在此基础上总结和建立一个含有待定参数的物理模型．然后利用参数辨识方法，具体地确定这些参数和函数，从而得到一个完整而确定的数学物理模型，并对这一模型的实用性和可信度进行检验．另外，还选择１９７２年８月事件进行了一次预报实验，即根据太阳耀斑的观测，利用ＨＡ方法和文中得到的模型，分两步实现对地磁扰动的预报．     

西北太平洋台风群发事件年代际变化特征分析

利用台风最佳路径资料和全球再分析数据集分析了1979—2018年6—10月西北太平洋地区台风群发事件的统计特征。期间所有台风个例根据群发性质被分为三类：第一类为单独生成的非群发台风；第二类为群发事件中生成，但事件中仅有2个台风成员的"MTC2"台风；第三类为群发事件中生成，且事件中有3个或3个以上台风成员的"MTC3"台风。结果表明，相对于MTC2台风，MTC3台风生成时位置偏北，环境场季风槽辐合更强、高温海区范围更大、中低层大气更湿润。而MTC3台风在1990s末的突变减少导致了西太台风群发事件和台风总数减少。1996年之后，尽管洋面上空仍有较多的热带涡旋扰动，但群发台风活跃的大部分地区垂直风切变增强、高空辐散和季风槽辐合减弱以及西太平洋热带季节内振荡事件（Madden-Julian Oscillation，MJO）的对流活跃位相维持日数减少，它们共同导致了MTC3事件的年代际变化。