A smoothed particle hydrodynamics modelling of soil–water mixing and resulting changes in average strength

Soil–water interaction is a pivotal process in many underwater geohazards such as underwater landslides where soil sediments gradually evolve into turbidity currents after interactions with ambient water. Due to the large deformations, multiphase interactions and phase changes this involves, investigations from numerical modelling of the transition process have been limited so far. This study explores a simple numerical replication of such soil–water mixing with respect to changes in average strength using smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH). A uniform viscoplastic model is used for both the solid-like and fluid-like SPH particles. The proposed numerical solution scheme is verified by single-phase dam break tests and multiphase simple shear tests. SPH combinations of solid-like and fluid-like particles can replicate the clay–water mixture as long as the liquidity index of the solid-like particles is larger than unity. The proposed numerical scheme is shown to capture key features of an underwater landslide such as hydroplaning, water entrainment and wave generation and thus shows promise as a tool to simulate the whole process of subaquatic geohazards involving solid–fluid transition during mass transport.     

考虑土拱效应预应力锚拉桩土压力研究

针对预应力锚拉桩设计中土压力计算模式存在的问题,借鉴工程设计中的点锚和格构锚原理,提出了一种新的计算方法--基于三维土拱效应的土压力计算模式。利用土条极限平衡原理,推导了作用在桩及挡板上的土压力,建立了表征土压力强度的1阶线性微分方程,得到了沿桩身轴线的土压力分布曲线,并从参数 和 的变化对土压力的影响方面,与《重庆市地质灾害防治工程设计规范》[1]和《建筑边坡工程技术规范》[3]的计算结果进行了对比分析,结果表明桩板上所受土压力沿桩板竖向呈锯齿状分布,土压力强度计算值远小于规范计算值; 的变化对土压力有明显影响,工程设计中不应忽略 对减小土压力的贡献;考虑土拱效应更符合工程实际受力特性     

铁锰氧化物对苯酚氧化降解的实验研究

为了考察铁锰氧化物对酚类污染物的氧化降解能力,采用天然以及合成的铁锰氧化物对苯酚的氧化降解进行对比实验研究。土壤中铁锰氧化物样品分别为天然针铁矿及氧化锰,合成铁锰氧化物样品分别为合成针铁矿及软锰矿。结果表明：苯酚与铁锰氧化物发生氧化还原作用时,还可能与土壤中杂质发生吸附等作用;铁锰氧化物还原反应强度随着反应介质pH值的升高而迅速下降;可用零级反应动力学方程拟合铁氧化物还原溶解反应,针铁矿溶解反应的强度与介质的pH值呈负相关关系;天然针铁矿对酚类污染物的氧化降解能力明显高于合成针铁矿,pH值对天然针铁矿溶解反应影响较大;可用一级指数衰减方程拟合锰氧化物还原溶解反应,锰氧化物溶解反应的强度与介质的pH值呈指数衰减关系;pH值对软锰矿还原溶解反应的影响大于对土壤中氧化锰的影响,pH值越小,影响越显著;对比pH值对铁和锰还原作用的影响发现,在pH=6.5时,锰氧化物仍有较强的氧化性能。     

天津地区典型土壤剖面饱和烃分布特征及环境意义

分析了天津地区不同环境功能区7 条土壤剖面中饱和烃含量、组成及部分地球化学参数 的变化规律, 比较了不同土壤剖面饱和烃在纵向上的变化特征。结果表明, 市区( 南开区) 及近郊 区( 武清区, 北辰区和宁河县交界处) 表层土饱和烃含量最高, 其他剖面含量较低; 随深度增大, 饱 和烃含量均有所降低, 但不同剖面变化幅度不同, 表层含量较高的剖面随深度增大, 饱和烃含量 降低幅度较大, 反之则较小。根据部分典型地球化学参数的纵向变化特征, 推测表层土壤饱和烃 主要为石油源和植物源的混合源, 且市区和郊区主要受石油源控制。不同土壤剖面表层土污染源 存在差别。同一剖面表层土壤( <30cm) 不同层次的样品的饱和烃污染源较为接近; 剖面深部( > 30cm) 不同层次样品中正构烷烃不同于表层, 且成因复杂, 既受来源于土壤中有机质降解产物的 影响, 又受表层土中饱和烃纵向迁移作用的影响。对于甾、萜类化合物, 表层土壤中饱和烃含量较 高的剖面, 深层土壤受表层土壤甾、萜类污染物迁移作用的影响; 表层土壤中饱和烃含量较低的 剖面, 深层土壤受表层土壤甾、萜类污染物影响较小。     

On the reoccurrence of site specific response

The period and amplitude variations of local peaks in the Fourier amplitude spectra of free-field strong ground motion recorded at five stations in San Fernando Valley of metropolitan Los Angeles, California, are described, searching for peaks that reoccur during different earthquakes. The data suggest that some local peaks reoccur (about 50% of the time), during shaking by small local earthquakes (peak ground velocities, v_max<10–20 cm/s). During large strong motion amplitudes (v_max>20 cm/s), these peaks are shifted towards longer periods (by nonlinear response of soils) or disappear. The data also suggest that densification and settlement of soil, minutes and hours following the strong shaking may contribute towards fluctuations in the effective stiffness of the shallow surface layers.     

海上风电吸力基础在分层土中的沉贯特性研究综述

吸力基础与海洋工程大直径钢桩相比,具有成本低、安装周期短、对环境影响小、不受海况影响及可回收再利用等优点,近年来在海上风电工程中得到推广应用。吸力基础沉贯至海床预定位置,是其发挥承载力和确保服役稳定性的前提。海床地基土体常以分层土形式分布,且各层土体强度、压缩性和渗透性等存在显著差别,导致吸力基础吸力沉贯机理非常复杂。明确吸力基础在分层土中沉贯特性,有助于指导吸力基础在海上风电工程中的推广应用。对目前吸力基础在分层土中沉贯特性研究进行综述和总结,归纳了其沉贯机理研究进展,并对影响吸力基础在分层土中沉贯因素进行了分析;提出了分层土中吸力基础沉贯的研究方向和改进的沉贯方法。     

洞庭湖不同水位高程下南荻(Triarrhena lutarioriparia)种群分布格局及生长动态

通过野外不同水位高程固定样地多次调查,结合方差/均值比率法研究了不同水位高程下洞庭湖湿地南荻(Triarrhena lutarioriparia)种群分布格局及生长动态.结果表明:(1)低程区土壤含水量显著高于高程区;低程区土壤颗粒组成与高程区相比有显著差异,低程区土壤为黏砂壤土,高程区为粉砂土;低程区土壤总有机碳、全氮、铵态氮和pH值等与高程区相比无显著差异,而其硝态氮、有效磷、全钾和速效钾含量低于高程区,全磷含量却恰好相反.(2)调查期间,南荻的分布格局随着植物的生长由均匀分布逐渐变为聚集分布,低程区聚集强度更大;(3)南荻的生物量和高度均随时间增长而迅速增加,且低程区的总生物量和增长量均高于高程区;南荻的密度和基径随时间增长而增加,之后趋于平稳,且低程区均高于高程区.结果分析表明,水位高程差异引起的土壤含水量的显著变化可能是影响南荻分布格局和生长动态最重要的因素.因此,适度地调控水位、增加土壤水分含量可能是控制南荻群落扩张的重要措施.     

ON THE CHARACTERISTICS OF NON-LINEAR SOIL RESPONSE AND DYNAMIC SOIL PROPERTIES USING VERTICAL ARRAY DATA IN JAPAN

Non-linear response of the soil is investigated by comparing the spectral ratios (uphole/downhole) using weak and strong motions. Data from seven vertical arrays in Japan are analysed in this study. The frequency-dependent transfer function of soil is calculated as a ratio of the spectrum at uphole to the spectrum at downhole, considering the horizontal component of shear wave. In spectral ratio analysis auto- and cross-spectra are employed. The reduction in the predominant frequency of the transfer function with increases in excitation level reflects the non-linear response of the soil. Results of analysis demonstrate a significant non-linear ground response at six sites with surface PGA exceeding 90 gal. However, the results of one site show the linear response up to 130 gal surface PGA. Furthermore, the in situ strain-dependent soil behaviour is examined through the shear modulus – shear strain relationship. When compared, the actual and laboratory results of the shear strain – shear modulus relationship are in agreement. Additionally, a good consistency between the tendency of reduction in shear modulus ratio with shear strain increases, and reduction of predominant frequency with ground motion increases, confirms the significance of non-linearity in site effects study.     

季节冻土对土钉支护的影响

川藏交通廊道规划路线沿线滑坡锚固工程在全生命周期内将不可避免受到季节性冻土冻胀融缩的不利影响。为减缓此不利影响,本文提出基于多个挤压摩擦型屈服套的屈服装置、消能蓄能型碟簧系统,形成可双向调节预应力的锚索新结构。并对该锚索进行室内张拉试验、极限承载力试验及工作机理研究,成功研制吨位500 kN级、行程100 mm的双向调节预应力锚索。室内试验证实,单个挤压摩擦型屈服套起始屈服力为120~135 kN,平稳行程可达255 mm;屈服装置由4个挤压摩擦型屈服套及P锚组成,起始屈服力为420~450 kN,行程可达到100 mm以上;碟簧系统可实现耗能(冻胀时可抵消约60%的预应力增长)与蓄能(融缩时可抵消约40%的预应力损失)的目的。屈服行程完结后,双向调节预应力锚索极限承载力为1050kN,与传统锚索极限承载力相当。该新型锚索起始屈服力及行程具有较好的可拓展性,性能参数优于市场同类产品,可用于冻融环境及地震、大变形情形下的滑坡边坡加固,为川藏交通廊道沿线季节性冻土区滑坡、边坡防护提供了一种新的解决方案。     

ECOLOGICAL SERIES OF SOIL ANIMALS IN DARLIDAI MOUNTAIN

The ecological series of soil animals under the broad-leaved and pine mixed forest in Darlidai Mountainwas studied. Seven sample plots were selected according to different altitude gradients, which belong to different vegeta-tion types. By investigating and analyzing soil animals in every sample plot it is found that there are 45 groups and 1956individuals, which axe involved in 3 phylums, 7 classes, 16 orders, respectively. The altitude is a key factor which af-fects ecological series of soil animals. Both the groups and individuals of soil animals increase with altitude increasingunder certain conditions, which contrastes with ordinary cases, resulting from special micro-climate in studied area. Thegroups and individuls of soil animals are the most under the broad-leaved and pine forest on the top of the mountain, andthe least under Picea-Abies forest in the foot of the mountain.