A comparison of the sedimentary records of the 1960 and 2010 great Chilean earthquakes in 17 lakes: Implications for quantitative lacustrine palaeoseismology

Seismically‐induced event deposits embedded in the sedimentary infill of lacustrine basins are highly useful for palaeoseismic reconstructions. Recent, well‐documented, great megathrust earthquakes provide an ideal opportunity to calibrate seismically‐induced event deposits for lakes with different characteristics and located in different settings. This study used 107 short sediment cores to investigate the sedimentary impact of the 1960 M_w 9·5 Valdivia and the 2010 M_w 8·8 Maule earthquakes in 17 lakes in South‐Central Chile (i.e. lakes Negra, Lo Encañado, Aculeo, Vichuquén, Laja, Villarrica, Calafquén, Pullinque, Pellaifa, Panguipulli, Neltume, Riñihue, Ranco, Maihue, Puyehue, Rupanco and Llanquihue). A combination of image analysis, magnetic susceptibility and grain‐size analysis allows identification of five types of seismically‐induced event deposits: (i) mass‐transport deposits; (ii) in situ deformations; (iii) lacustrine turbidites with a composition similar to the hemipelagic background sediments (lacustrine turbidites type 1); (iv) lacustrine turbidites with a composition different from the background sediments (lacustrine turbidites type 2) and (v) megaturbidites. These seismically‐induced event deposits were compared to local seismic intensities of the causative earthquakes, eyewitness reports, post‐earthquake observations, and vegetation and geomorphology of the catchment and the lake. Megaturbidites occur where lake seiches took place. Lacustrine turbidites type 2 can be the result of: (i) local near‐shore mass wasting; (ii) delta collapse; (iii) onshore landslides; (iv) debris flows or mudflows; or (v) fluvial reworking of landslide debris. On the contrary, lacustrine turbidites type 1 are the result of shallow mass wasting on sublacustrine slopes covered by hemipelagic sediments. Due to their more constrained origin, lacustrine turbidites type 1 are the most reliable type of seismically‐induced event deposits in quantitative palaeoseismology, because they are almost exclusively triggered by earthquake shaking. Moreover, they most sensitively record varying seismic shaking intensities. The number of lacustrine turbidites type 1 linearly increases with increasing seismic intensity, starting with no lacustrine turbidites type 1 at intensities between V½ and VI and reaching 100% when intensities are higher than VII½. Combining different types of seismically‐induced event deposits allows the reconstruction of the complete impact of an earthquake.     

东昆仑南缘哥日卓托地区马尔争组砂岩碎屑组成、地球化学特征与物源构造环境分析

出露于东昆仑南缘布青山构造混杂岩带内的马尔争组沉积地层,其主体为一套沉积于被动大陆边缘构造环境的大陆斜坡相深海-半深海浊积岩。利用砂岩碎屑组分统计分析及岩石地球化学特征研究,探讨物源区源岩类型及其构造环境。砂岩骨架成分统计表明马尔争组砂岩主要类型为长石岩屑砂岩且成熟度较低,砂岩碎屑骨架成分为石英、长石、岩屑,含量平均值分别为44%、21%、35%,Dickinson三角图解显示其物源类型为再旋回造山带物源区和岩浆弧物源区的混合物源。砂岩岩石地球化学特征结果显示,马尔争组砂岩样品SiO,=58.12%~72.98%,均值67.77%,REE配分曲线总体表现为右倾,∑LREE/∑HREE=6.5~12.1,δEu=0.63~0.75,Eu具弱负异常,CIA值为56说明源岩遭受初级强度风化作用,具近源沉积特征。研究结果指示马尔争组砂岩物源区构造环境为大陆岛弧,源岩性质为长英质火山岩和花岗岩类源岩且主要来源于北侧东昆仑造山带加里东期岩浆弧与变质基底,沉积盆地类型为深海半深海盆地。它是古特提斯洋北支布青山阿尼玛卿洋演化历史过程中一次重要的沉积响应。     

Discovery of an outcropping Mass Transport Deposit (MTD) in the Palaeogene subalpine synclines of southeastern France: Implications on flexural sub-basin deformation

We document the sedimentary facies of a large Mass Transport Deposit (MTD) within the sand-rich sediment gravity flow-dominated deposits of the Eocene–Oligocene south-western Alpine forelands (Annot Sandstone system). The MTD with an approximated volume of several hundreds of cubic kilometres fills a sub-basin located in the Mont-Tournairet confined sub-basin. Autochthonous facies are very typical sediment gravity-flow deposits (thin-bedded classical turbidites and thick-bedded hyperconcentrated to concentrated flow deposits) that stratigraphically belong to the Annot Sandstone infill. Slumps and internal metre-large fold axes of the deformed stratigraphic intervals indicate a main transport direction towards the northwest. The seafloor instability that led to the mass-flow events within the Mont-Tournairet sub-basin could have been favoured by high sedimentation rates in a small, confined and tectonically active sub-basin, possibly enhanced by local structural deformation associated with the Triassic evaporites on the eastern side of the Mont-Tournairet confined basin. The presence of the MTD suggests that a period of increased flexural subsidence rate and basin deformation occurred in this portion of the subalpine foreland basin. Therefore, the MTD forms a stratigraphic marker of a period of tectonic activity.     

鄂尔多斯盆地富县—黄陵县地区上三叠统 延长组长6、长7浊积岩成岩作用

根据砂岩薄片、铸体薄片、扫描电镜、压汞等分析,对富县—黄陵县地区上三叠统延长组长6及长7油层组的浊积岩岩石学特征、成岩作用类型及其对孔隙的影响进行了研究.研究结果表明,该区长6及长7浊积岩主要为细粒长石砂岩.压实作用、胶结作用、交代作用和溶解作用是控制浊积岩储层物性演化的主要成岩作用,其中压实作用和胶结作用强烈破坏了浊积岩的原生孔隙,它们造成的平均孔隙度丧失分别为23.1％和6.5％,但早成岩阶段绿泥石薄膜的形成使浊积岩的一些原生孔隙得以保存.溶解作用和交代作用有效地改善了浊积岩的孔隙结构,从而提高了浊积岩储层的孔渗条件.     

牛庄洼陷沙三中亚段低位域砂体沉积分布特征

依据录井、测井、岩芯和孢粉化石分析等,认为牛庄洼陷发育于原沙三下亚段上下两套油页岩之中的砂体应属于沙三中亚段低位体系域,为水下冲积扇和深水浊积扇;并阐明了其沉积分布特征,且进一步运用层序地层学原理研究认为研究区低位域砂体沉积相组合-层序及体系域叠置模式为低水位深水浊积扇-湖平上升初期的低水位水下冲积扇-后期的湖侵水道。     

Sedimentary architecture and growth pattern of turbidite systems in distal part of a median fan; example of the Upper Miocene sedimentary sequence of the Lower Congo basin

The understanding of deep-water turbidite systems implies a preliminary detailed analysis of the architectural elements which compose them. Using 3D seismic data, three architectural elements are recognized including a new one: the “meandering erosional nested channels”. The spatial organisation and the relative stratigraphic position of these “elementary bricks” allow to define four stages which form the sedimentary history of the distal part of a upper Miocene turbidite system of the Lower Congo basin: 1, depositional stage with frontal splay development; 2, erosional channel and prograding system; 3, depositional stage with vertical aggradation of the channel and 4, abandonment phase with channel avulsion.     

湘黔桂浅变质岩区含金建造及其与金矿的关系

湘黔桂相邻区中、新元古界浅变质岩系的含金建造多为斜坡-盆地相、深水-较深水、远源-中源的浊流沉积,常富含凝灰质、碳质及硫化物,属于活动大陆边缘地壳强烈拉伸环境的产物,形成于扬子古大陆裂陷和再度裂陷时期.中、新元古代火山活动为其提供了丰富的成矿物质,多数成为原生含金建造,个别成为衍生含金建造.这些含金建造在形成之后,先后遭受了区域埋深变质作用、区域动力变质作用,以及脆韧性、脆性剪切作用,最终形成了变质细碎屑岩型金矿.     

北部湾盆地福山凹陷深湖重力流成因分类、发育机制及沉积模式

福山凹陷为北部湾盆地南缘海南隆起斜坡上的一个新生代断陷湖盆。本文充分利用岩心、测井以及覆盖整个研究区的高分辨率三维地震资料,以层序地层学、沉积学等多种理论为指导,结合沉积岩石学、地震沉积学等相关技术,于古近系流沙港组SQEls₂EST+LST时期,在福山凹陷识别出4种深湖重力流沉积岩相类型;通过岩相组合及其转换特征、砂分散体系、地震相分析,对该时期沉积体系展布特征进行细致剖析,进而建立福山凹陷深湖重力流发育机制和沉积模式：西部地区发育以浊流为主、具有典型浊积水道的湖底扇沉积;而东部地区则以砂质碎屑流沉积形成的远端孤立朵体为主。     

Late Quaternary mass movement events in Lake El′gygytgyn,North‐eastern Siberia

Lake El′gygytgyn is situated in a 3·6 Myr old impact crater in North‐eastern Siberia. Its sedimentary record probably represents the most complete archive of Pliocene and Quaternary climate change in the terrestrial Arctic. In order to investigate the influence of gravitational sediment transport on the pelagic sediment record in the lake centre, two sediment cores were recovered from the lower western lake slope. The cores penetrate a sub‐recent mass movement deposit that was identified by 3·5 kHz echo sounding. In the proximal part of this deposit, deformed sediments reflect an initial debris flow characterized by limited sediment mixture. Above and in front of the debrite, a wide massive densite indicates a second stage with a liquefied dense flow. The mass movement event led to basal erosion of ca 1 m thick unconsolidated sediments along parts of its flow path. The event produced a suspension cloud, whose deposition led to the formation of a turbidite. The occurrence of the turbidite throughout the lake and the limited erosion at its base mainly suggest deposition by ‘pelagic rain’ following Stokes’ Law. Very similar radiocarbon dates obtained in the sediments directly beneath and above the turbidite in the central lake confirm this interpretation. When applying the depositional model for the Late Quaternary sediment record of Lake El′gygytgyn, the recovered turbidites allow reconstruction of the frequency and temporal distribution of large mass movement events at the lake slopes. In total, 28 turbidites and related deposits were identified in two, 12·9 and 16·6 m long, sediment cores from the central lake area covering approximately 300 kyr.     

Deepwater Turbidite Lobe Deposits: A Review of the Research Frontiers

Deepwater/deep-marine turbidite lobes are the most distal part of a siliciclastic depositional system and hold the largest sediment accumulation on the seafloor. As many giant hydrocarbon provinces have been discovered within deepwater lobe deposits, they represent one of the most promising exploration targets for hydrocarbon industry. Deepwater exploration is characterized by high cost, high risk but insufficient data because of the deep/ultra–deepwater depth. A thorough understanding of the deepwater turbidite lobe architecture, hierarchy, stacking pattern and internal facies distribution is thus vital. Recently, detailed outcrop characterizations and high–resolution seismic studies have both revealed that the deepwater lobe deposits are characterized into four–fold hierarchical arrangements from "beds", to "lobe elements", to "lobes" and to "lobe complex". Quantitative compilations have shown that hierarchical components of lobe deposits have similar length to width ratios but different width to thickness ratios depending on different turbidite systems. At all hierarchical scales, sand–prone hierarchical lobe units are always separated by mud–prone bounding units except when the bounding units are eroded by their overlying lobe units thus giving rise to vertical amalgamation and connectivity. Amalgamations often occur at more proximal regions suggesting high flow energy. A mixed flow behavior may occur towards more distal regions, resulting in deposition of "hybrid event beds". These synthesized findings could(1) help understand the lobe reservoir distribution and compartmentalization therefore benefit the exploration and development of turbidite lobes within the deep marine basins(e.g. South China Sea) and(2) provide rules and quantitative constraints on reservoir modeling. In addition, the findings associated with deepwater turbidite lobes might be a good starting point to understand the sedimentology, architecture and hierarchy of turbidites in deep lacustrine environment.