The effect of amplitude scaling limits on conditional spectrum-based ground motion selection

Amplitude scaling is commonly used to select ground motions matching a target response spectrum. In this paper, the effect of scaling limits on ground motion selection, based on the conditional spectrum framework, is investigated. Target spectra are computed for four probabilistic seismic hazard cases in Western United States, and 16 ground motion suites are selected using different scaling limits (ie, 2, 5, 10, and 15). Comparison of spectral acceleration distributions of the selected ground motion suites demonstrates that the use of a scaling limit of 2 yields a relatively poor representation of the target spectra, because of the small limit leading to an insufficient number of available ground motions. It is also shown that increasing scaling limit results in selected ground motions with generally increased distributions of Arias intensity and significant duration Ds_5-75, implying that scaling limit consideration can significantly influence the cumulative and duration characteristics of selected ground motions. The ground motion suites selected are then used as input for slope displacement and structural dynamic analyses. Comparative results demonstrate that the consideration of scaling limits in ground motion selection has a notable influence on the distribution of the engineering demand parameters calculated (ie, slope displacement and interstory drift ratio). Finally, based on extensive analyses, a scaling limit range of 3 to 5 is recommended for general use when selecting ground motion records from the NGA-West2 database.     

清江水布垭坝址软弱夹层变形机制分析

清江水布垭坝址软弱夹层的变形机制为:(1)差异沉积作用造成了软弱夹层物质成分和结构构造上的差别,从本质上决定了软弱夹层的变形强度;(2)软沉积变形加强了软弱夹层物质的分异和软化;(3)构造活动导致软弱夹层发生多期次剪切滑动,使软弱夹层中的软弱物质泥化、叶理化并发生揉皱;使相对坚硬的结核和团块压扁、旋转和圆化。      

A regional water balance indicator inferred from satellite images of an Andean endorheic basin in central-western Argentina

In the Central Andes of Argentina (30–37°S), snowmelt is the main source of freshwater, an essential natural resource for ~2.2 million people in the adjacent arid lowlands. In this region, Laguna Llancanelo collects the water inputs from the Malargüe endorheic basin. Previous studies concerning the annual and intra-annual variations of this lagoon and its relationship with regional climate are rare. We obtained a monthly record for the Laguna Llancanelo area (LLA, 1984–2013) using the modified normalized difference water index derived from Landsat images. Monthly LLA ranges between 35 km² and 411 km² and is significantly related to variations of the Río Malargüe, the main snow-fed tributary to the lagoon. There is no long-term relationship between LLA and local rainfall, but rapid increases in LLA result from heavy rainfall around the lagoon. Conversely, rapid reductions in LLA encompass periods with both reduced discharge from the Río Malargüe and low local rainfall. The LLA integrates moisture of both Pacific (snowfall in the upper Andes) and Atlantic (lowland rainfall) origins; therefore, we propose using LLA as an indicator of regional water balance.     

一种深厚覆盖层场地地震动参数的确定方法

基于欧美规范确定了坐落在深厚覆盖层上KH抽水蓄能电站上、下库场地基本运行和最大设计地震动峰值加速度、反应谱和时程等动参数。首先依据场地区域地震烈度区划图、特征周期区划图和依据场地地质地震条件选取的5条种子实测地震动确定场地基岩输入加速度时程、峰值加速度和设计反应谱,进而基于各土层地质参数和一维弹性波传播模拟程序确定覆盖层表面的平均峰值加速度、平均反应谱和5条地震动时程,对所得到的平均反应谱和峰值加速度进行光滑处理后确定可用于各建筑物结构抗震设计的地震动参数,包括覆盖层表面水平向动力响应加速度时程、峰值加速度和设计反应谱。该方法可较好地保留输入地震动的真实动力特性,如持时、相位和频率等,为我国规范中建议的确定场地地震动参数的方法提供有益的补充。     

Effect of site amplification on inelastic seismic response

The available models for eff ective periods of site and structure are reviewed in context of frequency tuning in the inelastic seismic response of soil-structure system. The eff ect of seismic intensity and ductility demand, on the eff ective periods, is investigated, and inelastic site amplifi cation is shown to be strongly correlated to the normalized eff ective period. Two non-dimensional parameters, analogous to the conventional site amplifi cation factors in codes, are defi ned to quantify the inelastic site amplifi cation. It is shown that the inelastic site amplifi cation factor (i.e. ratio of constant ductility spectral ordinates at soil site to those at rock outcrop) is able to represent the site eff ects more clearly, as compared to the inelastic site amplifi cation ratio (i.e. ratio of inelastic spectral ordinates at soil site to the corresponding elastic spectral ordinates at rock outcrop). Further, the peak in the amplifi cation factor corresponding to the eff ective site period diminishes rapidly with increasing ductility demand.     

Biomorphological scaling laws from convectively accelerated streams

Worldwide convectively accelerated streams flowing in downstream-narrowing river sections show that riverbed vegetation growing on alluvial sediment bars gradually disappears, forming a front beyond which vegetation is absent. We revise a recently proposed analytical model able to predict the expected longitudinal position of the vegetation front. The model was developed considering the steady state approximation of 1-D ecomorphodynamics equations. While the model was tested against flume experiments, its extension and application to the field is not trivial as it requires the definition of proper scaling laws governing the observed phenomenon. In this work, we present a procedure to calculate vegetation parameters and flow magnitude governing the equilibrium at the reach scale between hydromorphological and biological components in rivers with converging boundaries. We collected from worldwide rivers data of section topography, hydrogeomorphological and riparian vegetation characteristics to perform a statistical analysis aimed to validate the proposed procedure. Results are presented in the form of scaling laws correlating biological parameters of growth and decay from different vegetation species to flood return period and duration, respectively. Such relationships demonstrate the existence of underlying selective processes determining the riparian vegetation both in terms of species and cover. We interpret the selection of vegetation species from ecomorphodynamic processes occurring in convectively accelerated streams as the orchestrated dynamic action of flow, sediment and vegetation characteristics. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

中国出口导向型外资企业时空演化与出口增衰机制

利用2000-2013年中国海关贸易数据库出口数据研究分析中国出口导向型外资企业地理格局演变.研究发现,出口导向型外资企业在数量和出口贸易额呈现增长的趋势,出口产品以资本密集型、技术密集型产品为主,主要集中在京津冀、长三角、珠三角、山东半岛、辽中南地区,存在从沿海向中西部内陆地区、由核心城市向周边城市逐渐扩散的特征,外...     

Modelling non‐linear ground response of non‐liquefiable soils

A non‐linear finite element (FE) model is presented to account for soil column effects on strong ground motion. A three‐dimensional bounding surface plasticity model with a vanishing elastic region, appropriate for non‐liquefiable soils, is formulated to accommodate the effects of plastic deformation right at the onset of loading. The elasto‐plastic constitutive model is cast within the framework of a FE soil column model, and is used to re‐analyse the downhole motion recorded by an array at a Large‐Scale Seismic Test (LSST) site in Lotung, Taiwan, during the earthquake of 20 May 1986; as well as the ground motion recorded at Gilroy 2 reference site during the Loma Prieta earthquake of 17 October 1989. Results of the analysis show maximum permanent shearing strains experienced by the soil column in the order of 0.15 per cent for the Lotung event and 0.8 per cent for the Loma Prieta earthquake, which correspond to modulus reduction factors of about 30 and 10 per cent respectively, implying strong non‐linear response of the soil deposit at the two sites. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

河南博爱西金城遗址人和动物骨的碳氮稳定同位素分析

中原地区是中国文明起源和国家形成的核心区域,农业的发展在某种程度促成了中华文明在这一地区的最终形成.农业经济的转变对先民食物结构和动物饲养方式都产生了影响,但目前的研究多为某一时间段的研究,需要长时间段的考量.对西金城遗址(35°06′22″N,113°06′53″E)出土的龙山文化、汉代和唐宋时期的人和动物骨骼开展了碳氮稳定同位素分析,分析结果表明:龙山文化时期西金城先民(δ13C=-9.3±3.1‰,δ15N=8.5±1.3‰,n=3)的食物结构以C4类(粟、黍)为主,其生计方式是以粟等旱作农业为主,并辅以少量的稻作农业生产,兼有稳定的家畜饲养和捕捞业.就动物食物结构而言,龙山文化时期以猪、狗为代表的家畜的食物结构和人类相似,先民主要用粟黍类作物副产品喂养家畜;汉代随着小麦、大豆等C3类农作物的推广普及,家畜的δ13C值降低,更多的小麦等作物被用于喂养家畜.唐宋时期虽然小麦的地位进一步上升,形成了"粟麦并重"的农作物格局,但先民却仍然偏向于用C4植物(粟黍)喂养家畜.     

河北省乐亭县马头营区干热岩资源孔位选址及开发前景分析

干热岩作为重要资源的组成部分,以其清洁、稳定、可再生的资源优势及巨大的高温发电潜力,越来越受到关注。我国干热岩研究尚处于起步阶段。在分析研究国内外干热岩开发利用工程的基础上,初步建立了干热岩区块评价指标,分析了马头营区干热岩开发潜力。以马头营凸起区干热岩科学钻探为例,从热、储、盖等方面分析了区内干热岩钻探选址的原则,建立了孔位地区干热岩系统概念模型。