一次热对流降水成因的分析和模拟

夏季受西太平洋副热带高压控制的中国大陆地区常发生热对流降水.文中首先利用TRMM卫星观测资料、地面自动站地表温度观测资料和NCEP资料分析了热对流降水的特征及其产生的背景条件;利用区域平均的水汽方程诊断了地表蒸发、水汽平流和水汽通量辐合项的贡献,分析了降水的水汽来源;进一步利用AREM区域数值预报模式,设计了4个敏感性试验,研究了陆气感热、潜热通量对降水的贡献.结果表明,在副热带高压控制的地区,白天强烈的非均匀地表感热加热可导致低层热空气块突破环境下沉气流而上升,周围空气补充形成辐合运动.低层空气的辐合上升既可引起水汽的汇聚,又可把低层的水汽输送到高层.同时非均匀陆面特征造成的非均匀感热和潜热通量的共同作用增强了大气的位势不稳定度,触发了对流,但感热通量对热对流降水的贡献比潜热通量略大.热对流降水的水汽除部分来自地表蒸发外,另一部分来自低层的水平通量辐合.定量计算表明二者对大气可降水量的贡献基本相当,而平流水汽的贡献很小.     

Impact of Planetary Wave Reflection on Tropospheric Blocking over the Urals–Siberia Region in January 2008

Planetary wave reflection from the stratosphere played a significant role in changing the tropospheric circulation pattern over Eurasia in mid-January 2008. We studied the 2008 event and compared with composite analysis(winters of 2002/2003,2004/2005, 2006/2007, 2007/2008, 2010/2011 and 2011/2012), when the downward coupling was stronger, by employing time-lagged singular value decomposition analysis on the geopotential height field. In the Northern Hemisphere, the geopotential fields were decomposed into zonal mean and wave components to compare the relative covariance patterns. It was found that the wavenumber 1(WN1) component was dominant compared with the wavenumber 2(WN2) component and zonal mean process. For the WN1 field, the covariance was much higher(lower) for the negative(positive) lag, with a prominent peak around +15 days when the leading stratosphere coupled strongly with the troposphere. It contributed to the downward coupling due to reflection, when the stratosphere exhibited a partially reflective background state. We also analyzed the evolution of the WN1 anomaly and heat flux anomaly, both in the troposphere and stratosphere, during January–March 2008. The amplitude of the tropospheric WN1 pattern reached a maximum and was consistent with a downward wave coupling event influenced by the stratospheric WN1 anomaly at 10 h Pa. This was consistent with the reflection of the WN1 component over Eurasia, which triggered an anomalous blocking high in the Urals–Siberia region. We further clarified the impact of reflection on the tropospheric WN1 field and hence the tropospheric circulation pattern by changing the propagation direction during and after the event.     

2009年7月广西一次暴雨过程的数值模拟和诊断分析

运用WRF模式对2009年7月发生在广西地区的一次暴雨过程进行了数值模拟,并利用模拟结果进行诊断分析。结果表明,模式能够合理地再现此次暴雨天气过程。在对流层中低层,水汽通量散度的负高值区、假相当位温广义波作用量密度和z-螺旋度的正高值区,与强降水落区都存在较好的对应关系;水汽通量散度负值中心大小及负值区向上伸展的高度、假相当位温广义波作用量密度的高值中心值,与降水强度之间存在一定的相关性;z-螺旋度的强度变化对降水强度的增大和减弱也具有较好的指示意义。     

Effects of an Urban Park and Residential Area on the Atmospheric CO2 Concentration and Flux in Seoul, Korea

The CO₂ concentrations and fluxes over an urban forest site (Namsan) and an urban residential region (Boramae) in Seoul, Korea, during the non-growing season (2–4 March 2011), the growing season (10–12 June 2011), and the late-growing season (22–24 September 2011) were analyzed. The CO₂ concentrations of two sites showed nearly the same diurnal variation, with a maximum value occurring during the night and a minimum value occurring during daytime, as well as the same seasonal variation, with a maximum value during the non-growing season (early spring) and a minimum value during the growing season (summer). The CO₂ flux over the urban forest did not show any typical diurnal variation during the non-growing season, but did show diurnal variation with a small positive value during the night and a large negative value during daytime in the growing and late-growing seasons due to photosynthesis in the urban forest. The CO₂ flux over the urban residential region showed a positive daily mean value for all periods, with large values during the non-growing season and small values during the growing season, and it also showed diurnal variation with two maxima at 0600–1000 LST and 1800–2400 LST, and two minima at 0300-0600 LST and 1100-1500 LST, and was strongly correlated with the use of liquefied natural gas for cooking and heating by surrounding houses.     

华北地区冬小麦光合作用的光响应曲线的特征参数

在冬小麦各生育期测定了田间叶片光合作用速率及其相应的气象要素, 拟合了各生育期的光合作用的光响应曲线.得出它们的几个特征参数:初始量子效率、最大光合速率和凸度.在华北地区冬小麦的整个生育期, 初始量子效率大多在0.050~0.075之间变化, 最大光合速率在5~25 μmol·m-2·s-1之间变化.表明初始量子效率随生育期的变化不大, 最大光合速率在营养生长期较高, 为20~25 μmol·m-2·s-1, 在生殖生长期, 随着叶片氮、磷、钾等营养元素含量的下降, 叶片的最大光合速率显著降低.     

中国东部春季极端降水与同期欧亚大陆地表感热的可能联系

利用1960~2010年ERA-20C再分析资料和中国东部站点降水观测资料,探讨了我国东部春季极端降水与欧亚大陆地表感热通量的联系和可能影响途径。结果发现,当春季欧亚大陆中纬度巴尔喀什湖以西及贝加尔湖以南区域地表感热通量偏弱（强）,我国东部沿海地区地表感热通量偏强（弱）时,我国东部春季极端降水呈现南少（多）北多（少）的反相分布特征。当春季欧亚大陆中纬度关键区地表感热偏弱,低纬度关键区地表感热通量偏强时,春季副热带西风急流偏弱、位置偏北,我国东部北方地区大气斜压不稳定和对流不稳定偏强,北方地区极端降水偏强,而南方地区大气斜压不稳定和对流不稳定偏弱,南方地区极端降水偏弱。当春季欧亚大陆中纬度关键区地表感热偏强,低纬度关键区地表感热通量偏弱,我国东部极端降水的情况大致相反。     

修正的质量通量积云对流方案及其模拟试验研究Ⅰ:方案介绍及对1991年洪涝过程的模拟

文中在综合比较各类积云对流参数化方案优缺点的基础上 ,主要参考陈伯民等修正的ECMWF质量通量积云参数化方案 ,对其进行简化和修改 ,发展了一个质量通量积云对流参数化方案 ,文中表示为 MFS(Mass Flux Scheme)。MFS是一种综合型的方案 ,既考虑了大尺度水汽辐合的重要性 ,又考虑了积云中的上升运动、下沉运动、环境中的补偿下沉运动 ,以及卷入、卷出和蒸发等 ,用总体云模式来描述积云与环境的相互作用 ,同时考虑了深对流和浅对流。将 MFS植入 NCAR区域气候模式 Reg CM2中 ,对 1 991年 5～ 7月江淮地区特大降水过程的夏季风气候特征和变化进行了模拟 ,并与 NCAR Reg CM2选用 Kuo方案 ,在同样初、边值条件和其它物理过程选择下的模拟结果进行了对比分析。分析结果表明 ,植入 MFS后的模式能够模拟这次极端的降水气候事件。在某些方面 ,如地表气温 ,降水的模拟上 ,植入 MFS后的模式的模拟结果要比原模式的结果更合理     

SPATIO-TEMPORAL VARIATION OF SENSIBLE HEAT FLUX OVER SOUTHERN CHINA

The spatio-temporal variation of surface sensible heat flux (SHF) in southern China (SC) is studied based on the data evaluated from conventional observational meteorological data. There exist prominent increasing trends in all seasonal surface sensible heat fluxes in the western SC and decreasing trends in the central-eastern part of southern China. The variations of surface sensible heat flux in all seasons are dominant on interannual time-scales. The land-air temperature difference and the near-surface wind speed are two key factors for the interannual variations of SHF, but the former is more important. The first two major anomalous patterns of SHF are presented as the region-wide in-phase anomalies and the east-west dipole anomalies, respectively, based on the EOF analysis results.     

Advances in carbon flux observation and research in Asia

As an important component of FLUXNET, Asia is increasingly becoming the hotspot in global carbon research for its vast territory, complex climate type and vegetation diversity. The present three regional flux observation networks in Asia (i.e. AsiaFlux, KoFlux and ChinaFLUX)have 54 flux observation sites altogether, covering tropic rainforest, evergreen broad-leaved forest, broad-leaved and coniferous mixed forest, shrubland, grassland, alpine meadow and cropland ecosystems with a latitudinal distribution from 2°N to 63°N. Long-term and continuous fluxes of carbon dioxide, water vapor and energy between the biosphere and atmosphere are mainly measured with eddy covariance technique to (1) quantify and compare the carbon, water and energy budgets across diverse ecosystems; (2) quantify the environmental and biotic controlling mechanism on ecosystem carbon, water and energy fluxes; (3) validate the soil-vegetation-atmosphere model; and (4) serve the integrated study of terrestrial ecosystem carbon and water cycle. Over the last decades, great advancements have been made in the theory and technology of flux measurement, ecosystem flux patterns, simulation and scale conversion by Asian flux community. The establishment of ChinaFLUX has greatly filled the gap of flux observation and research in Eurasia. To further promote the flux measurement and research,accelerate data sharing and improve the data quality, it is necessary to present a methodological system of flux estimation and evaluation over complex terrain and to develop the integrated research that combines the flux measurement, stable isotope measurement, remote sensing observation and GIS technique. It also requires the establishment of the Joint Committee of Asian Flux Network in the Asia-Pacific region in order to promote the cooperation and communication of ideas and data by supporting project scientists, workshops and visiting scientists.     

大气边界层热量输送的非局地多尺度湍流理论及试验研究

该文在大气边界层多尺度湍流理论和湍流穿越理论的基础上，建立了大气边界层感热通量的非局地多尺度湍流计算方法，并选用1998年5～8月份第二次青藏高原大气科学试验（TIPEX）的大气边界层综合观测基地昌都站观测资料，分别用感热通量的非局地多尺度湍流计算方法和经典相似理论计算感热通量。对计算结果的对比分析表明，用感热通量的非局地多尺度湍流计算方法能计算出感热通量的逆梯度输送，也能计算出青藏高原近中性层结条件下明显的感热通量。此外，多尺度湍流理论还有待进一步发展完善，提高感热通量的计算精度。