美国佛罗里达州岩溶塌陷保险法案及启示

通过保险将风险予以转嫁是风险管理的重要手段,设置地质灾害保险独立险种是保险业的趋势。岩溶塌陷是六大地质灾害之一,我国可溶岩面积占国土面积的1/3,其中尤以西南各省岩溶较为发育,岩溶塌陷发生频繁,导致房屋坍塌破裂,土地下陷,交通路线受损,影响人们正常生活和财产生命安全。对于岩溶塌陷造成的损失,发达国家已经有一套比较完善的保险体制,而我国在岩溶塌陷保险方面的研究还是一片空白。本文对佛罗里达州的塌陷保险体制从立法、确定评估指数到判断灾后损失几个方面进行了阐述,希望对我国岩溶塌陷保险发展有所启示。      

防治公路岩溶塌陷的土工合成材料设计理论研究

高速公路路基岩溶塌陷通常可以采用水平加筋体防治,系统地研究其受力特性及设计理论具有重要的工程意义和实际价值。首先,针对公路路基荷载及岩溶塌陷的特点,分析了塌陷坑上方水平加筋体的受力和传力特性,采用太沙基土拱理论,计算溶洞上方荷载。深入探讨了水平加筋体设计方法,认为锚固段端部加筋体应变及锚固段传力长度是设计中的关键值,且其与锚固段端部加筋体拔出量密切相关。然后,引入水平加筋体与土体界面的线弹性-全塑性模型,由基本方程导出锚固段水平加筋体弹塑性解答,并结合边界条件建立了锚固段端点拔出量及传力长度的解算流程。在此基础上,引入某实际工程计算参数进行分析,将该方法结果与基于全塑性模型的分析结果进行对比,探讨了不同临空段宽度、加筋体刚度、上覆土体高度、界面摩擦角等因素对临空段端部拔出量计算误差的影响,并分析了上覆土体高度与锚固段传力长度之间的关系。由分析可知,基于线弹性-全塑性模型计算的拔出量和传力长度均较全塑性模型计算结果大,某些情况下,传力长度的计算误差高于40%,若采用全塑性模型计算有可能引起较大的误差,导致设计偏于不安全     

应用光纤传感技术进行岩溶塌陷监测预报的关键问题探讨

在总结上世纪80年代以来岩溶塌陷监测预报方法的基础上,从岩溶塌陷自身特点和光纤传感技术监测原理出发,对目前光纤传感技术应用于岩溶塌陷监测预报急需解决的关键技术问题进行了探讨分析,主要包括环境温度影响、光纤敷设和预报模型建立三个方面。光纤本身的光学特性决定环境温度变化会影响光纤的变形测量,其解决办法主要是进行温度补偿和监测数据修正处理;光纤敷设,主要是解决光纤与岩土体同步变形问题,其办法是通过室内实验确定适宜的胶结剂和最优配比;建立光纤应变与岩土体变形的关系模型是应用光纤传感技术进行岩溶塌陷监测预报的关键,其解决办法为室内模拟实验。      

Evaluation of trenching,ground penetrating radar (GPR) and electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) for sinkhole characterization

This paper explores the suitability and advantages of combining the trenching technique with geophysical surveys [ground penetrating radar (GPR) and electrical resistivity tomography (ERT)] for sinkhole characterization in a mantled karst area. The approach is applied to two active sinkholes concealed by anthropogenic deposits and formed by contrasting subsidence mechanisms; collapse and sagging. The ERT section acquired across the collapse sinkhole images the clayey fill of the depression as an obvious low resistivity area, showing the approximate location of the sinkhole edges. Spatially dense GPR surveys provide information on the position of the boundaries of the concealed subsidence structures and their three‐dimensional (3D) internal geometry, revealing the dominant subsidence mechanism. We illustrate the impact of several factors on the quality of the GPR data such as sinkhole size, nominal frequency of the antennas, antenna shielding, and the presence of backfilled excavations and above‐surface objects. Trenches provided detailed information on the subsurface structure of the sinkhole, subsidence magnitude, partitioning of the strain, and the position of the sinkhole edges, especially when they are deep enough and excavated across the central sector and perpendicular to the boundaries. The stratigraphic and structural relationships observed in the trench were then used to infer the spatial evolution of the sinkholes (e.g. enlargement), their kinematic behavior (episodic versus progressive), and to differentiate discrete subsidence events and their associated magnitude. Numerical dates were used to estimate average subsidence rates and the recurrence of subsidence events. Such integrated data sets may be used as an objective basis to forecast the future behavior of potentially damaging sinkholes and to assess the associated hazard and risk. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Soil pipe collapses in a loess pasture of Goodwin Creek watershed,Mississippi: role of soil properties and past land use

Little is known about the association of soil pipe collapse features with soil properties or land use history. Three loess covered catchments in northern Mississippi, USA were characterized to investigate these relationships. Soil pipe collapses were characterized for their size, type feature and spatial location along with soil properties across the three catchments. Although mapped as the same soil, one of the catchments did not contain pipe collapse features while the other two had 29.4 and 15.4 pipe collapses per hectare. These loess soils contained fragipan layers that are suspected of perching water, thereby initiating the piping processes. Pipe collapses associated with subsurface flow paths were not always consistent with surface topography. The surface layer tended to be non‐erodible while layers below, even the upper fragipan layers, were susceptible to erosion by pipeflow. Soil properties of the lowest fragipan layer were highly variable but tended to prevent further downward erosion of soil pipes and thus formed a lower boundary for gullies. Middle to lower landscape positions in one of the piped catchments contained anthropic soils that were highly erodible. These anthropic soils were previously gullies that were filled‐in in the 1950s when forested areas, assumed to have been established when land was previously converted from crop to forest land, were converted to pasture. Three decades after this land use change from forest to pasture, pipe collapses became evident. In contrast, the adjacent catchment that does not exhibit pipe collapse features experienced severe sheet and rill erosion prior to the 1930s while in cotton production. The surface horizons above the lower fragipan layer were completely removed during this period, thus the top‐soil layer that tends to form a bridge above soil pipes in the more erodible subsoil layers was removed. This study showed that knowledge of soil characteristics or topography alone do not explain the distribution of soil pipe collapses as past land use can play a definitive role. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于BGP协议的IP黑名单分发系统

在网络中设置IP黑名单,可以极大的减少网络安全事件的发生。系统将IP黑名单信息存放在数据库中,简化的BGP协议客户端读取数据库中的信息,利用BGP协议将IP黑名单更新给路由服务器(Router Server)并分发到各个路由器上。数据库存放的IP黑名单信息易于由程序自动进行添加、删除等操作,BGP协议的应用使得系统的可扩展性很强,路由器的管理员可选择性应用IP黑名单,灵活性更好。     

湖南郴州地区岩溶塌陷分布规律及其影响因素浅析

通过地质环境调查,分析湖南郴州地区岩溶塌陷分布规律及其影响因素,结果表明:(1)1980-1983年为岩溶塌陷盛发期,平均8.5个?年-1;2012-2020年塌陷发生频率增加,平均5.88个/年;岩溶塌陷主要发生在3-7月份雨季;(2)低丘冲沟中发生塌陷54个,占塌陷总数的55.67％;岩溶平原中发生塌陷40个,占4...     

Efficiency of local minima and GLM techniques in sinkhole extraction from a LiDAR-based terrain model

ABSTRACT

The aim of this paper was to study reliable automated delineation possibilities of karst sinkholes using a LiDAR-based digital terrain model (DTM) with pixel-based classifications. We applied two approaches to extract sinkholes: (1) general linear modeling (GLM) with morphometric indices derived from DTM; (2) and a local minima-based delineation using only LiDAR DTM as the input layer. The outcome of the local minima was significantly different from the reference ones but found all the sinkholes without previous knowledge of the area. The GLM-based outcome did not differ statistically from the reference. Results showed that these approaches were ef?cient in detecting sinkholes based on LIDAR derivatives, and can be used for risk assessment and hazard preparedness in karst areas: GLM had an overall accuracy of 89.5% and local minima had an accuracy of 92.3%; both methods identified sinkholes but also had commission errors, identifying depressions as sinkholes.