Seasonal and spatial characteristics of seawater and sediment at Youngil Bay, southeast coast of Korea

The seasonal geochemical characteristics of the seawater and sediments and the major factors causing heavy metal contamination were investigated at the Youngil bay and the Hyungsan river estuary in the Southeast Coast of Korea, where a world-scale steel-industry complex (Pohang iron and steel industrial complex, POSCO) is located. The seasonal and spatial distribution characteristics of temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, and nutrients of the seawater were studied at 45 fixed stations, especially focusing on the river mouth area. Sediments at 27 stations were examined during winter and summer to determine the major controlling factors for the distribution of metals, using correlation matrix and R-mode factor analyses, and to evaluate the pollution status, using the modified geoaccumulation (I(geo)(')) index. Temperatures for the effluent from the POSCO located at the Hyungsan river mouth were 2-3 degrees C higher compared to other sampling areas, due to the thermal discharge from the POSCO. The DO concentration of the surface water at the Pohang old port was as low as 2-4 mg/L. In spring, the DO value at the Hyungsan river mouth was higher than 12 mg/L, by the mass multiplication of phytoplanktons at the river mouth where seawater temperature and nutrients concentrations were relatively high, resulting in the pH value of higher than 8.3. The nitrogen to phosphorus (N/P) ratios at the river mouth were 20-150 times higher compared to other areas, implying that the nitrogen loading into this semi-enclosed bay is significantly higher than phosphorus and the major nitrogen sources are not only the domestic sewage from the city but the industrial wastewater from the POSCO and other steel factories nearby. The phosphorus concentrations at the Pohang old port were shown 3-10 times higher than those at other stations, due to the inflow of pollutants generated from the nearby ships anchoring and the release of phosphate from the bottom sediment. Results from the sediment analysis showed that the major controlling factors for the distribution pattern of each metal are grain size and organic carbon (C(org)) content. Based on the factor analysis, Al, Fe, Cr, Li, and Pb were shown strongly correlated with the mean grain size (Mz), whereas Cd, Cu, Zn, and Sn with the C(org) content. Results from the fractionation of the sedimentary metals into lattice and labile fractions to characterize the mobility of sediment metals showed that the mineral lattice fraction was high in the order of Al=K>Cr>Li>Sr>Fe, while the labile fraction, which might be released to the overlying water, was in the order of Pb>Zn>Cd>Cu>Ca>Sn. Evaluation of the sediment pollution status by applying (I(geo)(')) of 13 metals showed Cd, Cu, and Zn as high as 1-3 range at the old port. Even though the overall marine pollution mainly by the world-class steel industrial complex in this semi-enclosed bay area studied does not currently pose a serious threat, due to the seawater circulation and the large influx of river discharge, the countermeasures to implement the sediments concentrated with heavy metals, especially at the old port with no seawater circulation, are still warranted for this coastal water environment.     

Collapse simulation of a four‐story steel moment frame by a distributed online hybrid test

The collapse of a one‐bay, four‐story steel moment frame is simulated in this study by the proposed peer‐to‐peer (P2P) Internet online hybrid test system. The typical beam hinging mechanism, which is ensured by a strong‐column, weak‐beam design, is reproduced. The plastic hinges at the column bases are taken as the experimental portions, while the superstructure is analyzed numerically by a general‐purpose finite element program. The implicit plastic rotations of the two column bases are treated as boundary displacements. In order to account for the complex behavior of the column bases, the P2P system is modified to use the secant stiffness during iterations, and the physical specimens are designed such that the plastic hinge behavior can be obtained. For this study, the three substructures are distributed to different locations. A large ground motion is repeatedly imposed until the column bases lose their capacity to sustain the gravity load. As a result, significant deterioration is observed at both column bases. The proposed P2P system is thus demonstrated to be able to accommodate multiple‐tested substructures involving unstable behavior. The results suggest that the P2P Internet online hybrid test system provides a reliable means of studying structures up to collapse. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

强震作用下框架结构的优化设计

针对第三水准"大震不倒"的抗震设防目标,提出一种在强震作用下框架结构的优化设计方法.依据"用相同的投资获最好的设计"的设计理念,以在强烈地震波的作用下框架结构最大的层间相对位移最小化作为优化目标,建立了同时满足体积约束的优化数学模型.采用动力有限元分析模型和高效的显式动力分析方法进行结构分析,获得最大的层问相对位移;采用改进的复形法求解优化数学模型;在显式动力分析软件ANSYS/LS-DYNA的基础上进行二次开发,实现了一个三维框架结构的抗震优化设计.数值结果表明该设计方法不一定获得抗震结构的最优设计,但能获得一系列抗震性能良好的设计,具有现实的工程意义.     

足尺钢框架振动台试验及动力弹塑性数值模拟

本文通过有限元分析程序OpenSees对一足尺四层钢框架结构进行静力及动力弹塑性分析,结构构件采用自由度较少的纤维模型模拟。在振动台试验之前,预测足尺钢框架结构连续在小震、中震及大震作用下的响应,将预测分析结果与振动台试验结果进行对比,结果显示该数值模拟方法能很好地反映结构的弹塑性行为及破坏机制,准确预测结构的地震响应及大震下结构倒塌时间。这进一步说明基于纤维模型的整体结构弹塑性分析方法,由于自由度数少,适用于整体结构抗震分析。     

Strong earthquake activity all over the world and strong-moderate earthquake activity within and near China(June 2008)

Illustration All the data in this catalog are chosen from the "Preliminary Seismological Report of Chinese Seismic Stations" (Its abbreviation is "Monthly Report").The catalog includes the events of     

Strong earthquake activity all over the world and strong-moderate earthquake activity within and near China (April 2008～May 2008)

Illustration All the data in this catalog are chosen from the "Preliminary Seismological Report of Chinese Seismic Stations" (Its abbreviation is "Monthly Report").The catalog includes the events of     

辽宁地区中小地震辐射能量的单台测定

辐射能量是独立于地震矩的一个重要的震源参数,在地震危险性和地震危害的评估工作中具有重要的实际意义。目前国际上常用的地震辐射能量的测定是利用Boatwright and Choy和Choy and Boatwright的方法,测定的均是Ms≥5.5以上地震的辐射能量。考虑到辽宁地震台网分布不均匀的情况,本文尝试利用单台宽频带波形资料进行中小地震辐射能量的测定。选用营口台记录的岫岩地震序列的宽频带波形资料,分析地震波形横向分量上的SH波及其后续震相,对每个地震去除场地效应和几何扩散效应,并进行辐射花样因子和非弹性衰减校正。衰减因子Q值的确定是通过与震源参数fc、Ω0的联合反演得到的。最后分析了地震辐射能量与震级ML的关系,总体上,地震辐射能量与震级呈正比。     

从地震目录的变化论"十五"数字测震台网拾震能力

本文对2005、2006、2007、2008四年,每年前10个月《辽宁省地震月报目录》进行分类统计,依据辽宁数字遥测台网“九五”与“十五”《辽宁省地震月报目录》的变化,分析辽宁数字台网的拾震能力。