Effect of gravity framing on the overstrength and collapse capacity of steel frame buildings with perimeter special moment frames

This paper investigates the effect of the gravity framing system on the overstrength and collapse risk of steel frame buildings with perimeter special moment frames (SMFs) designed in North America. A nonlinear analytical model that simulates the pinched hysteretic response of typical shear tab connections is calibrated with past experimental data. The proposed modeling approach is implemented into nonlinear analytical models of archetype steel buildings with different heights. It is found that when the gravity framing is considered as part of the analytical model, the overall base shear strength of steel frame buildings with perimeter SMFs could be 50% larger than that of the bare SMFs. This is attributed to the gravity framing as well as the composite action provided by the concrete slab. The same analytical models (i) achieve a static overstrength factor, Ω_s larger than 3.0 and (ii) pass the collapse risk evaluation criteria by FEMA P695 regardless of the assigned total system uncertainty. However, when more precise collapse metrics are considered for collapse risk assessment of steel frame buildings with perimeter SMFs, a tolerable probability of collapse is only achieved in a return period of 50 years when the perimeter SMFs of mid‐rise steel buildings are designed with a strong‐column/weak‐beam ratio larger than 1.5. The concept of the dynamic overstrength, Ω_d is introduced that captures the inelastic force redistribution due to dynamic loading. Steel frame buildings with perimeter SMFs achieve a Ω_d > 3 regardless if the gravity framing is considered as part of the nonlinear analytical model representation. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A distributed parameter model of a frame pin‐supported wall structure

Many reinforced‐concrete frames collapse via a soft‐story mechanism during severe earthquakes. Such collapses are mainly attributed to concentrated deformation in a soft story. Deformation control is thus important in preventing collapse. The frame pin‐supported wall structure is a type of rocking structure that releases constraints at the bottom of the wall. Previous research has obtained good results for the deformation control of this type of structure. However, the interior forces and strength demands of the pin‐supported wall have not been systematically explored. In this paper, a distributed parameter model is developed to investigate the strength demand of the wall in a frame pin‐supported wall structure. In the model, the pin‐supported wall is simplified as a bending beam and the frame is simplified as a shear beam. The two beams are joined by distributed shear connectors, so that the shear force can be transferred at any location on the interface. The model can be solved using differential equations based on equilibrium and compatibility. The accuracy of the model is verified using SAP2000 (Computers and Structures Inc., Berkeley, CA, USA). Displacement distribution of the structure and distributions of the moment and shear force within the pin‐supported wall are obtained for two typical external force profiles. It is found that the pin‐supported wall can effectively reduce the drift concentration factor. Distributions of the displacement, moment, and shear force are closely correlated with the relative stiffness of the wall and frame. Finally, recommendations on the stiffness and strength of a pin‐supported wall are made. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

significance of high-resolution loess stratification based on grain size and magnetic susceptibility analysis to paleo-earthquake study: a case study of dongyugou loess section,at hongtong,shanxi province

As an important technology to paleoseismologic research, trenching has been used to identify paleo-earthquakes recorded in strata, combined with dating technology. However, there have been some bigger uncertainties and limitations. For instance, subtle strata in loess sediment cannot be interpreted only by naked-eye, which seriously affects identifying paleo-earthquake horizon and time. Therefore, how to improve the accuracy and reduce the uncertainty of paleo-earthquake identification is the important problem we are currently facing. Dongyugou loess section, located in the northeastern corner of Linfen Basin, Shanxi Province, cuts across the Huoshan piedmont fault. The section exposes not only the well-developed loess sequence, but also several obvious faulting events. Thus, this loess section is a better site to make a high resolution study to improve the accuracy and reduce the uncertainty of paleo-earthquake identification. Based on the high-resolution grain size and magnetic susceptibility analysis, and associated with visual interpretation by naked-eye, we made a high-resolution stratification of Dongyugou loess section, including high-resolution thickness of each stratum and its upper and bottom boundaries. Based on the high-resolution stratification and their comparison between two fault walls, we identified three earthquake events, which occurred after formation of u5-7, u4 and u2, corresponding to their stratification depth of 7.1m, 4.7m and 2.9m in hanging wall. Based on results of OSL dating and average sedimentation rate of hanging wall, we estimated that the three events occurred around 45.8ka(between (48.1±1.5)～(43.2±2.5)ka), 32.8ka(between (35.0±2.4)～(30.6±1.3)ka) and 23.3ka(between (26.4±0.8)～(20.9±0.7)ka). According to the thickness difference of three loess-paleosol sedimentary cycles between two fault walls, we calculated the coseismic vertical displacements of the three events as 0.5m, 0.4 and 1.3m, respectively. Compared with other segments of the Huoshan piedmont fault zone, we found the southernmost segment is the weakest, with longer recurrence interval of about 11ka and lower vertical slip rate of 0.048mm/a. The high-accuracy grain size and magnetic susceptibility analysis offers an effective method for reducing the uncertainties of the paleo-earthquake research in loess area.     

WGS84和CGCS2000坐标转换研究

为实现WGS84和CGCS2000坐标系之间的转换,首先通过七参数法将WGS84坐标转换到ITRF坐标,然后再通过框架转换法转换到CGCS2000坐标,并进行实例计算和分析。     

粉煤灰增强回填碱渣工程特性的试验研究

碱渣与饱和卤水混合制成浆体回填到盐矿废弃盐腔可同时解决碱渣处理问题和地下废弃盐腔存在的地质隐患。回填碱渣强度是影响充填效果的重要因素。因此,为了提高回填碱渣强度,采用掺入粉煤灰制成复合碱渣对其强度特性进行改良。针对不同粉煤灰掺合比的碱渣开展了组成、力学和细观试验。研究结果表明：（1）掺入粉煤灰能明显改善碱渣的强度,使其黏聚力、内摩擦角都大幅提高,抗剪强度大幅增加;（2）粉煤灰掺合比越大,增强效果越明显,但强度并非随掺合比呈线性变化,对黏聚力而言,在0～20%内的掺合比下增加速度最快,而对内摩擦角则在20%～30%的掺合比区间增加最快,对抗剪强度而言,0～20%的掺合比内增加最明显;（3）粉煤灰掺入还可显著改善碱渣的压缩固结特性,使其固结系数大幅提高,从而提高碱渣固结速度,缩短充填工期,其中在0～10%的掺合比内对压缩固结特性改善最显著;（4）矿物组成分析表明,粉煤灰掺入改变了矿物组成,使得亲水性矿物含量急剧锐减,进而改变了其沉积特性。而细观分析则表明,粉煤灰掺入使碱渣从絮凝团细观结构变成了粉煤灰充当骨架的充填结构,且粒间支撑和拉联效应明显。从增强效果提高、压缩固结特性增强、控制成本和工期综合分析表明,最优掺合比为20%左右,建议工程中以不高于20%的掺合比作为实用掺合比即可取得较为理想的充填增强效果。该研究为揭示碱渣增强机制及废弃盐腔碱渣充填工艺优化提供了有益参考。     

上海规范重力式围护墙稳定性若干问题探讨

重力式围护墙是软土地区常用的基坑支护形式,目前关于重力式围护墙的可靠度分析还不够完善,各因素对稳定性的影响机制等也存在一些疑问。以收集到的上海地区重力式围护墙实际工程为例进行可靠度分析,对水泥土重力式围护墙稳定性分析中的相关问题进行了探讨。分析结果表明,上海地区实际工程的设计安全水准通常高于规范规定值,其中水平滑动多为重力式围护工程稳定性验算的控制失效模式;通过提高插入比和墙体宽度可改善水泥土重力式围护基坑的抗倾覆、抗水平滑动稳定性的安全状态;对于整体稳定性,提高插入比较有效,墙体宽度的变化对其影响不敏感。     

基坑挡墙变位诱发地表沉陷的模型试验研究

针对刚性挡墙不同变位模式,对基坑开挖过程中地表沉陷规律进行模型试验研究。开展的模型试验分别模拟了挡墙在平移（T模式）、绕墙趾转动（RB模式）和绕墙顶转动（RT模式）3种基本刚性变位模式下诱发的墙后地表沉陷,得到了土体沉陷曲线的分布规律。结果表明,挡墙平移时,墙后地表沉降呈勺型分布,最大沉降紧靠墙背处;挡墙绕墙趾转动时,墙后地表沉降近似呈三角形分布,最大沉降紧靠墙背处;挡墙绕墙顶转动时,墙后地表沉降近似呈抛物线分布,最大沉降位于距墙背一定距离的位置处。挡墙变位距离相同时,对于绕墙趾和绕墙顶转动模式,墙后土体沉陷的面积基本相等,两者沉陷面积之和近似等于平移模式的土体沉陷面积,另外,挡墙变位面积与墙后土体沉陷面积也近乎一致。将试验观察的沉陷曲线与既有的解析解作了对比分析,验证了二者的一致性。     

考虑二期荷载的高填明洞加筋减载土压力计算

随着城市建设的迅速发展,既有高填明洞填土顶面将不可避免地出现新增结构物等二期荷载的情况。为了明确明洞回填完成后新增二期荷载对其顶部垂直土压力的影响,在已有明洞减载结构土压力计算公式的基础上,利用土体沉降弹性理论计算公式建立了土工格栅变形与土体沉降变形的关系,并考虑二期荷载作用,进一步完善了高填明洞减载前后的洞顶垂直土压力计算公式。建立数值分析模型,将数值分析结果与文中公式计算结果进行了对比。结果表明：公式计算与数值分析结果较为接近,表现出相同的规律性;有无减载措施对明洞回填土压力影响较大,填土越高,减载越显著,实际作用在明洞顶土压力越小。新增二期荷载作用下的明洞顶垂直土压力计算,应考虑其对土体沉降变形的影响,而非简单叠加。     

超长灌注桩桩-土界面剪切试验研究

为研究超长灌注桩桩侧与土体接触界面的剪切力学行为,采用大型界面剪切仪,开展混凝土与粉质黏土、粉细砂土接触界面剪切试验。针对钻孔灌注桩泥浆护壁施工特点及后注浆工艺的应用,在混凝土与粉细砂土界面设置膨润土泥皮或膨润土泥皮与水泥浆,以研究泥皮及存在泥皮时注浆对界面剪切性状的影响。试验结果表明：界面剪切应力随剪切位移增加逐步达到极限值,之后,剪切应力保持基本不变或出现软化现象;土体类型及法向应力大小对界面剪切力学行为具有较大的影响;粉细砂土-混凝土界面摩擦角与土体有效内摩擦角相近,存在泥皮时,界面摩擦角降低达40%,泥皮的润滑作用较大地削弱了界面的剪切性能;存在泥皮情况下,注浆后界面摩擦角较泥皮界面提高近1倍,水泥浆的注入不仅消除了泥皮产生的不利影响,也有利于进一步改善界面剪切性能,提高其抗剪强度;泥皮及注浆对界面剪切应力与剪切位移关系亦有较大的影响;界面剪切作用对土体具有一定的影响范围,并在接触界面附近土体中逐渐形成剪切破坏带,剪切过程中界面呈现出由剪切位移阶段逐步过渡至剪切滑移阶段;此外,在剪切过程中,不同界面类型的土体变形存在较大差异。     

基于选权拟合法的电离层电子密度层析重构

附加约束的电离层层析算法是解决电离层电子密度反演中不适定问题的主要方法,为避免此类方法中约束权阵的选取不当对电子密度分布重构产生的不良影响,本文将选权拟合法应用到电离层层析成像技术中.该方法特别设计了依据电子密度空间分布特性构造参数权矩阵的方案.新方法有明确的物理意义,挖掘了隐含的信息量,为解决电离层电子密度反演中由于观测数据的不足等因素引起的不适定问题提供了一种新途径,可以得到符合客观实际的结果.数值模拟实验和实测数据的反演结果证实了该算法有效性、可靠性和优越性.