云南冷锋切变型暴雨的中尺度特征分析

利用T106数值预报产品资料，通过中尺度滤波方法，提取云南冷锋切变型暴雨过程中的中尺度降水系统，对其有关物理量的特征及演变进行了分析。研究发现，通过中尺度滤波方法，可以从常规的数值预报产品资料中有效分离出直接导致暴雨的中尺度天气系统，通过对这些中尺度系统的分析及追踪，可以为暴雨预报提供更为客观的预报依据；水汽的强辐合时段与暴雨降落时段有较好的对应关系，暴雨落区比水汽的强辐合区域要稍偏向于水汽输送的下游方向；在该型暴雨的发生过程中，北部冷平流具有十分重要的作用，但南部暖平流的作用也不可忽视。     

修正的莫尔-库仑理论的解析和验证

根据主应力可分解为静水应力和偏应力,以及它们在应力莫尔圆和变形方面的相关性,推导出修正的莫尔-库仑理论的数学表达式。从理论上解决了库仑理论和莫尔理论存在的许多缺陷,特别是中间主应力对材料抗剪强度的影响。它的四参数准则的计算结果与一些混凝土的试验数据相当吻合。     

Factors controlling the seasonality of the Madden-Julian Oscillation

By analyzing observational data, previous studies have indicated that the tropical Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) is active during the boreal winter but relatively weak during the boreal summer. However, the factors that control seasonal MJO variation are not clear. To quantitatively understand the relative contributions of the occurrence frequency of enhanced MJO events and their averaged strength and lifespan to seasonal MJO amplitude, we defined the MJO events of 1979–2014 and analyzed their features in different seasons by using the Real-time Multivariate MJO (RMM) index and the newly proposed RMM-r index. The results indicate that the MJO events show a higher frequency of occurrence, a stronger intensity and a longer duration during the boreal winter (Dec.–Feb.) and spring (Mar.–May). However, the frequency, strength and lifespan of MJO events are all reduced during the boreal summer (Jun.–Aug.) and autumn (Sep.–Nov.). The enhanced MJO events in winter–spring also show a large ratio of variance for eastward to westward components. To elucidate how large-scale background fields affect seasonal MJO variation, a series of sensitivity experiments was conducted by using a 2.5-layer model that can simulate MJO-like features. It is found that the variation in low-level moisture (vertical wind shear) is the key large-scale factor affecting the seasonal variation in MJO strength (in propagation). In comparison with the summer–autumn seasons when the MJO is relatively weakened, the relatively abundant low-level moisture near the equator during boreal winter–spring may strengthen the development of MJO convection and circulation, whereas the relatively weak easterly shear (or the westerly shear anomaly) is conducive to the enhancement of an eastward-propagating MJO component.     

Cyclic resistance and liquefaction behavior of silt and sandy silt soils

The liquefaction behavior and cyclic resistance ratio (CRR) of reconstituted samples of non-plastic silt and sandy silts with 50% and 75% silt content are examined using constant-volume cyclic and monotonic ring shear tests along with bender element shear wave velocity (V_s) measurements. Liquefaction occurred at excess pore water pressure ratios (r_u) between 0.6 and 0.7 associated with cumulative cyclic shear strains (γ) of 4% to 7%, after which cyclic liquefaction ensued with very large shear strains and excess pore water pressure ratio (r_u>0.8). The cyclic ring shear tests demonstrate that cyclic resistance ratio of silt and sandy silts decreases with increasing void ratio, or with decreasing silt content at a certain void ratio. The results also show good agreement with those from cyclic direct simple shear tests on silts and sandy silts. A unique correlation is developed for estimating CRR of silts and sandy silts (with more than 50% silt content) from stress-normalized shear wave velocity measurements (V_s1) with negligible effect of silt content. The results indicate that the existing CRR–V_s1 correlations would underestimate the liquefaction resistance of silts and sandy silt soils.     

Numerical study of enhanced energy dissipation near a seamount

Using a two-dimensional primitive equation model, we examine nonlinear responses of a semidiurnal tidal flow impinging on a seamount with a background Garrett-Munk-like (GM-like) internal wavefield. It is found that horizontally elongated pancake-like structures of high vertical wavenumber near-inertial current shear are created both in the near-field (the region over the slope of the seamount) and far-field (the region over the flat bottom of the ocean). An important distinction is that the high vertical wavenumber near-inertial current shear is amplified only at mid-latitudes in the far-field (owing to a parametric subharmonic instability (PSI)), whereas it is amplified both at mid-and high-latitudes (above the latitude where PSI can occur) in the near-field. In order to clarify the generating mechanism for the strong shear in the near-field, additional numerical experiments are carried out with the GM-like background internal waves removed. The experiments show that the strong shear is also created, indicating that it is not caused by the interaction between the background GM-like internal waves and the semidiurnal internal tides. One possible explanation is proposed for the amplification of high vertical wavenumber near-inertial current shear in the near-field where tide residual flow resulting from tide-topography interaction plays an important role in transferring energy from high-mode internal tides to near-inertial internal waves.     

沙漠砂抗剪强度指标与原位测试指标关系研究

为了在沙漠地基勘察中推广应用静力触探技术,在控制相对密度和含水量的条件下,进行了一系列室内大、中型槽原位测试模拟试验及相关土工试验,取得了塔克拉玛干沙漠砂静力触探指标 ,标准贯入试验锤击数 和抗剪强度指标 的一系列有效数对,并进行了线性回归,建立了 - 和N- 之间的相关关系,且论证了二者之间的协调性。给出的公式为沙漠油田地面工程勘察积累了经验。     

不排水循环荷载作用过程中累积孔压对细砂弹性剪切模量Gmax的影响

在土工结构物地震有效应力分析中,往往采用Hardin经验公式计算动荷作用过程中由于孔压变化对砂土初始弹性剪切模量Gmax的影响,但由于以往试验手段的限制,这种方法的有效性至今没有得到验证。为此,采用多功能三轴仪和压电陶瓷弯曲元剪切波速测试系统,研究了不排水循环荷载过程中孔压对细砂Gmax的影响。试验结果表明,细砂Gmax可由 Hardin型经验公式计算,但材料参数应通过试验确定;不排水循环荷载作用过程中,细砂Gmax随孔压上升而降低,其值可由其实际平均有效应力和固结后的孔隙比通过由试验得到的Hardin型经验公式计算。     

构造的挤压剪切作用对郑州矿区煤与瓦斯突出的控制

通过对郑州矿区煤与瓦斯突出矿井和历年突出事故分布特征统计分析,结果表明：NNE-NE向和NW-NNW向构造叠加及滑动构造的挤压剪切作用对郑州矿区煤与瓦斯突出的控制作用明显,该矿区以五指岭断层-樊寨断层一线为界,突出矿井和瓦斯矿井呈北西向分区分带性展布,大平、超化等突出矿井位于矿区南部构造复合地带,且突出点多分布在构造挤压剪切作用强烈区域。     

冻土中几类力学试验方法的探讨

获取寒区工程设计中冻土的物理力学指标及冻土本构模型中的模型参数都离不开冻土的力学试验.随着对冻土力学性质研究的深入,需要考察更多加载路径下冻土的力学行为,这也是检验已有冻土本构模型的有效途径.因此,精确的冻土力学试验是认识冻土力学性质的基本手段.为进一步考察冻土的力学性质,提高冻土力学试验的精度,应用MTS-810低温...     

A mixing-length model for predicting vertical velocity distribution in flows through emergent vegetation

Abstract

The vertical profiles of streamwise velocities are computed on flood plains vegetated with trees. The calculations were made based on a newly developed one-dimensional model, taking into account the relevant forces acting on the volumetric element surrounding the considered vegetation elements. A modified mixing length concept was used in the model. An important by-product of the model is the method for evaluating the friction velocities, and consequently bed shear stresses, in a vegetated channel. The model results were compared with the relevant experimental results obtained in a laboratory flume in which flood plains were covered by simulated vegetation.