基于Landsat-8与ZY3多源遥感影像的城镇居民地识别与再分类研究

精细的居民地数据对地震灾害风险分析具有重要意义。 为得到具有较高时效性与精细度的居民地数据, 充分发挥其对人口、 建筑物空间展布的指示作用, 本文综合利用多源遥感影像的优势, 基于分层分类思想开展城镇居民地识别与再分类研究。 以甘肃天水秦州区的主城区为例, 采用具有较高时效性的Landsat-8 OLI影像, 建立决策树分类模型识别出居民地轮廓; 在居民地轮廓内部, 进一步采用资源三号卫星(ZY3)高分影像, 利用面向对象方法进行居民地内部的建筑群再分类, 最后得到了具有不同精细程度的居民地数据。 实验结果中Landsat-8土地覆盖分类总体精度为92%(其中居民地识别率达86%), 城镇居民地再分类的总体精度为81%, 说明了本文研究方案的可行性。     

基于累积法理论的弹性阻抗参数提取

弹性阻抗中蕴含着丰富的地下介质信息。从弹性阻抗中准确地提取地下介质信息用于储层预测是十分有意义的,传统的提取方法主要基于最小二乘理论的线性方法。本文引入累积法理论,将其用于弹性阻抗参数的提取,用层状模型和部分Marmousi2模型对该方法进行测试。从背景噪声分别为正态分布和均匀分布的弹性阻抗体中提取纵、横波速度和密度,并将其与最小二乘法提取的纵、横波速度和密度做定量对比分析。结果表明两种方法所得结果精度相当,但累积法具有计算量小、简洁直观的优势,因此,将其用于弹性参数的提取是有效可行的。     

侧扫声呐系统在荣成海流能电站示范工程中的应用

介绍了侧扫声呐系统在荣成海流能电站示范工程中的应用,对侧扫声呐系统的工作原理、图谱的特点及影响图谱影像质量的因素进行了分析,基于海流能示范工程扫测图谱影像进行了数据处理与特征提取,并将地貌分类成果应用到设计施工中取得了较好的效果;对工程应用中遇到的问题进行了总结。     

Speciation of Chromium in Artificially Contaminated Soil Reference Material GSJ JSO-2 Using XANES and Chemical Extraction Methods

The oxidation states of chromium in GSJ JSO-2 (artificially contaminated soil) and three other geochemical reference materials (GSJ JSO-1, JLS-1 and JMS-1) were observed using X-ray near edge structure (XANES). For comparison, other artificially contaminated soil materials (mimic-JSO-2) were prepared by adding Cr(VI) into JSO-1. Their oxidation states of chromium were determined using XANES. The chromium contents were 1118 μg g^-1 for JSO-2, 1352 μg g^-1 for mimic-JSO-2 and 69-113 μg g^-1 for the other reference materials. Most chromium was present as hexavalent in mimic-JSO-2. No hexavalent species were detected in other samples. These results for chromium oxidation state in JSO-2 and mimic-JSO-2 obtained with XANES resembled those obtained from a chemical extraction method. The present JSO-2 has no trace of Cr(VI), although Cr(VI) was added as a major species during preparation. On the other hand, the content of Cr(VI) obtained in mimic-JSO-2 agreed with the original Cr(VI) content. A time-elapse study showed that Cr(VI) contents in mimic-JSO-2 decreased gradually to 70% of the original abundance during 240-day preservation in dry conditions. Moreover, the abundance of Cr(VI) decreased markedly to 15% after 240 days in the wet mimic-JSO-2 containing 20% m/m of water. These experiments suggested that soil humidity enhanced the reduction of Cr(VI) and that Cr(VI) was reduced even in dry conditions. Consequently, it is reasonable to infer that Cr(VI) doped into JSO-2 was completely reduced to Cr(III) during the preservation period of 5 years. The certification of the long-term stability of the chemical form in reference materials will be much more important in future.     

水体悬浮颗粒物主要组分的萃取分离及重金属的分布特征

为了考察悬浮颗粒物中主要组分对重金属的富集作用,采用选择性萃取法分离长春市伊通河和南湖悬浮颗粒物中的铁、锰氧化物,优化了萃取条件,测定了悬浮颗粒物中的铁、锰氧化物和有机质等组分中富集Cu,Pb和Zn的含量,分析了上述3种重金属在悬浮颗粒物主要组分中的分布特征。结果表明,0.006 mol/L NH2OH.HCl 0.01 mol/L HNO3萃取30 min可以单独萃取悬浮颗粒物中大部分的锰氧化物,0.8 mol/L Na2S2O4(pH=6.0)萃取40 min可以同时萃取铁、锰氧化物,而对非目的组分的影响较小;悬浮颗粒物对Cu、Pb、Zn重金属有明显的富集作用,其中Cu主要结合在悬浮颗粒物的有机质组分中,Pb主要富集在铁、锰氧化物中,锰氧化物和有机质对Zn的分布起主要的富集作用。     

坦桑尼亚穆索马-马拉绿岩带型金矿遥感、物探、地质综合找矿研究

位于坦桑尼亚环维多利亚湖东部的穆索马-马拉绿岩带,是坦桑尼亚重要的金矿成矿带之一,目前该成矿带上已发现众多大中型金矿床。本文旨在穆索马-马拉绿岩带上开展地质矿产勘查工作时,首先以遥感技术为先导,利用预处理后的TM遥感数据提取蚀变异常信息,以圈定有利的成矿靶区,再结合地质、物探等手段进行综合分析研究。结果表明：利用PCA方法提取的遥感蚀变异常信息在研究区内主要呈面状、线状展布,且与已知的矿化蚀变位置吻合较好。结合已有地质资料,在成矿有利靶区开展了物探工作,并验证了圈定的激电异常体,取得了较好的找矿成果。认为“弱铁染蚀变+强羟基蚀变”模式及“低阻、相对高极化”的激电异常体是非常有效的间接找矿标志。     

电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定砂岩型铀矿样品中分步提取的铀

本文研究地质样品中铀形态的分析方法及应用技术,以进一步说明铀形态分析在地球化学找矿中的重要作用。该方法参考Tessier流程,将样品中的铀分为可交换离子态、碳酸盐结合态、铁锰氧化物结合态、硫化物及有机物结合态和结晶态,分别提取,提取溶液用高分辨率电感耦合等离子体质谱仪进行测量。设计的形态提取配方具有良好的可选择性和可重复性,经过国家标准物质、国际形态标准物质和人工模拟样品验证,证明形态提取试剂配方适合所定义的形态分析。通过对实际样品(总量铀为635μg/g)验证表明,碳酸盐结合态铀提取结果的可重复性最好(RSD为2.6%),其次为硫化物及有机物结合态铀(RSD为4.0%)、结晶态铀(RSD为6.0%)和铁锰氧化物结合态铀(RSD为6.1%),可交换离子态铀提取结果的可重复性最差(RSD为26%)。碳酸盐结合态铀与结晶态铀之比,可以用于反映地下铀矿的存在概率。     

Relationships between heavy metals and iron oxides,fulvic acids,particle size fractions in urban roadside soils

Urban roadside soils are the “recipients” of large amounts of heavy metals from a variety of sources including vehicle emissions, coal burning waste and other activities. The behavior of heavy metals in urban roadside soils depends on the occurrence as well as the total amount. Accordingly, knowledge of the interactions between heavy metals and other constituents in the soil is required to judge their environmental impact. In this study, correlations of heavy metal concentrations (Pb, Zn, Cu, Ag, Se, Ni, Cr and Ba) to iron extracted using dithionite–citrate–bicarbonate (DCB) buffer (Fe_DCB), fulvic acids and particle size fractions were examined from the Xuzhou urban roadside soils. Heavy metals except for Cr and fulvic acids had a positive significant correlation with Fe_DCB, indicating these metals and fulvic acids are principally associated with the surfaces of iron oxides of the soils. Significant positive correlations were also found between the contents of fulvic acids and heavy metals, showing these heavy metals (especially for Cu, Ni and Cr) form stable complexes with fulvic acids. Such finding is of importance with regard to the increased mobilization of heavy metals, e.g., into freshwater ecosystems. Ag, Se and Cr are independent of particle size fractions because of their low concentrations of Ag and Se in the studied soils. Pb, Zn, Cu, Ba and Ag are mainly enriched in the finer soil particles (especially <16 μm).     

河北蔡家营铅锌多金属矿地电化学提取有效性及提取条件试验

通过干旱-半干旱风成砂覆盖区蔡家营铅锌多金属矿315勘探线上地电化学有效性及条件性试验发现：在该景观区及矿床条件下,地电化学测量较常规土壤测量异常显示效果更佳,具有更大的勘查适用性。在测量条件方面：①随电提取时间的增加,Pb、Zn等主成矿元素异常显示效果有变好的趋势,埋藏更深的矿体上方逐步出现较明显的地电化学元素异常,但Cd、Cu等元素在不同的提取时间条件下均可取得较为一致的提取效果;②使用人工外电场和在提取极土壤中添加井水等提取液可保证地电化学测量获得较好的异常显示效果,是电提取过程的必要条件。     

抽出-处理技术抽出污染地下水——抽出效率及抽出终点

针对抽出-处理技术修复污染地下水过程中抽水井抽出效率随时间逐渐降低、抽出-处理技术运行终点（以下简称"抽出终点"）难以确定的问题,提出通过评估抽水井抽出效率,以分段、多次优化抽水方案提高抽出效率、降低修复成本、减少修复时间为工作思路,利用层次分析法和专家打分法实现方案优化时间节点选择。以青海某铬盐厂为例,通过建立抽水方案优化时间节点评价指标体系,可定量分析方案优化时间节点,合理确定抽出终点。结果显示：第1次优化结果为抽水井抽出效率在20%~40%时应重新布设抽水方案（P₃）,即采用原抽水方案抽水100 d后需重新布设抽水井;第2次优化结果为抽水井抽出效率在20%~40%时应与其他修复技术联用（P₇）,即采用一次优化后抽水方案继续抽水300 d后需联合其他修复技术开展治理。经评估,2次优化可有效提高抽水井抽出效率,使修复时间缩短600 d,相同时间内含水层中六价铬去除率增加8.31%。