克立格方法在个旧矿区芦塘坝10-9号矿体储量计算中的应用

在矿山生产实际中,准确估计矿体品位空间分布规律和总体储量有利于提高矿山生产效率,降低生产成本.文章采用对数克立格(Log Kriging)法和距离反比法以个旧锡矿芦塘坝10-9号矿体为研究对象计算储量,其结果分别与地质块段法计算的储量进行了对比,并探讨了前两种计算方法的影响因素及其产生误差的根本原因.     

Hydrograph separation using tracers and digital filters to quantify runoff components in a semi‐arid mesoscale catchment

Chemical hydrograph separation using electrical conductivity and digital filters is applied to quantify runoff components in the 1,640 km² semi‐arid Kaap River catchment and its subcatchments in South Africa. A rich data set of weekly to monthly water quality data ranging from 1978 to 2012 (450 to 940 samples per site) was analysed at 4 sampling locations in the catchment. The data were routinely collected by South Africa's national Department of Water and Sanitation, using standard sampling procedures. Chemical hydrograph separation using electrical conductivity (EC) as a tracer was used as reference and a recursive digital filter was then calibrated for the catchment. Results of the two‐component hydrograph separation indicate the dominance of baseflow in the low flow regime, with a contribution of about 90% of total flow; however, during the wet season, baseflow accounts for 50% of total flow. The digital filter parameters were very sensitive and required calibration, using chemical hydrograph separation as a reference. Calibrated baseflow estimates ranged from 40% of total flow at the catchment outlet to 70% in the tributaries. The study demonstrates that routinely monitored water quality data, especially EC, can be used as a meaningful tracer, which could also aid in the calibration of a digital filter method and reduce uncertainty of estimated flow components. This information enhances our understanding of how baseflow is generated and contributed to streamflow throughout the year, which can aid in quantification of environmental flows, as well as to better parameterize hydrological models used for water resources planning and management. Baseflow estimates can also be useful for groundwater and water quality management.     

Semi-Active Control of Wave-Induced Vibration for Offshore Platforms by Use of MR Damper

The objective of the present research is to examine the effectiveness of the lateral vibration control of wave-excited re-sponse of offshore platforms with magnelo-rheological (MR) damper, In this study, the offshore platform is simplified to be a single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) system by extracting the first vibration mode of the struclure. The exlernal 'generalized' wave force is determined with a white noise via a designed filler. A semi-active control method based on optimal control the-ory is proposed considering that the yield stress of the MR damper can be varied continuously within a certain range. The dy-namics of SDOF structure coupled with the MR damper is investigated. Numerical simulation demonstrates that the MR damper with this control strategy can significantly reduce the maximum responses and the root-mean-square (RMS) values.     

半圆型防波堤的水力特性研究

采用不规则波浪试验,研究了半圆型防波堤的水力特性及堤上波力随各主要影响因素的变化规律。指出必须分别按出水堤或淹没堤计算堤上的波力,前者可用改进的合田公式;对于淹没堤,文中建议了计算波力的方法。     

古尔班通古特沙漠固定与半固定沙丘成因初探

处于干旱荒漠区的古尔班通古特沙漠因降水、冬季的积雪、悬湿砂层、丘间地和背风坡的植被、沙丘表层微弱的分化、砂物质粒度等因素的综合影响 ,以固定和半固定沙丘为主。由于沙丘的稳定性差 ,人类活动过程中应加强对它的保护。     

Development of a tunable friction pendulum system for semi‐active control of building structures under earthquake ground motions

The Friction Pendulum System (FPS) isolator is commonly used as a base isolation system in buildings. In this paper, a new tunable FPS (TFPS) isolator is proposed and developed to act as a semi‐active control system by combining the traditional FPS and semi‐active control concept. Theoretical analysis and physical tests were carried out to investigate the behavior of the proposed TFPS isolator. The experimental and theoretical results were in good agreement, both suggesting that the friction force of the TFPS isolator can be tuned to achieve seismic isolation of the structure. A series of numerical simulations of a base‐isolated structure equipped with the proposed TFPS isolator and subjected to earthquake ground motions were also conducted. In the analyses, the linear quadratic regulator (LQR) method was adopted to control the friction force of the proposed TFPS, and the applicability and effectiveness of the TFPS in controlling the structure's seismic responses were investigated. The simulation results showed that the TFPS can reduce the displacement of the isolation layer without significantly increasing the floor acceleration and inter‐story displacement of the superstructure, confirming that the TFPS can effectively control a base‐isolated structure under earthquake ground motions.     

黄土高原半干旱区夏季晴天陆面特征模拟与观测对比分析

以甘肃定西为例,利用中尺度模式MM5模拟了黄土高原半干旱区夏季晴人的陆面特征,并与观测资料进行对比分析。结果表明,对气温、土壤热通量、辐射、感热通量的模拟结果与观测比较一致,而对比湿、地表温度、潜热通量的模拟结果与观测偏差稍大。夏季晴天,定西地区的地表温度日最高值出现时间较13最高气温出现时间早了3h,但两者日最低值出现时间相同;10cm深度处的土壤温度存在明显的日变化,而40、80cm深度处无明显的日变化;空气湿度较低,夜晚比湿的变化与露水的凝结量变化时间一致;土壤热通量呈典型的单峰型日变化特征,日最大值出现在13：00,与太阳短波辐射与地表反射辐射日最大值出现的时间相同;在半干旱区感热通量明显大于潜热通量,热通量以感热通量为主;边界层高度最高可达到2100m左右,比干旱区敦煌的低1000m左右。     

Hybrid time integration and coupled solution methods for nonlinear finite element analysis of partially saturated deformable porous media at small strain

The goal of the paper is to determine the most efficient, yet accurate and stable, finite element nonlinear solution method for analysis of partially saturated deformable porous media at small strain. This involves a comparison between fully implicit, semi‐implicit, and explicit time integration schemes, with monolithically coupled and staggered‐coupled nonlinear solution methods and the hybrid combination thereof. The pore air pressure p_a is assumed atmospheric, that is, p_a=0 at reference pressure. The solid skeleton is assumed to be pressure‐sensitive nonlinear isotropic elastic. Coupled partially saturated ‘consolidation’ in the presence of surface infiltration and traction is simulated for a simple one‐dimensional uniaxial strain example and a more complicated plane strain slope example with gravity loading. Three mixed plane strain quadrilateral elements are considered: (i) Q4P4; (ii) stabilized Q4P4S; and (iii) Q9P4; “Q” refers to the number of solid skeleton displacement nodes, and “P” refers to the number of pore fluid pressure nodes. The verification of the implementation against an analytical solution for partially saturated pore water flow (no solid skeleton deformation) and comparison between the three time integration schemes (fully implicit, semi‐implicit, and explicit) are presented. It is observed that one of the staggered‐coupled semi‐implicit schemes (SIS(b)), combined with the fully implicit monolithically coupled scheme to resolve sharp transients, is the most efficient computationally. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Large‐scale real‐time hybrid simulation of a three‐story steel frame building with magneto‐rheological dampers

A series of large‐scale real‐time hybrid simulations (RTHSs) are conducted on a 0.6‐scale 3‐story steel frame building with magneto‐rheological (MR) dampers. The lateral force resisting system of the prototype building for the study consists of moment resisting frames and damped brace frames (DBFs). The experimental substructure for the RTHS is the DBF with the MR dampers, whereas the remaining structural components of the building including the moment resisting frame and gravity frames are modeled via a nonlinear analytical substructure. Performing RTHS with an experimental substructure that consists of the complete DBF enables the effects of member and connection component deformations on system and damper performance to be accurately accounted for. Data from these tests enable numerical simulation models to be calibrated, provide an understanding and validation of the in‐situ performance of MR dampers, and a means of experimentally validating performance‐based seismic design procedures for real structures. The details of the RTHS procedure are given, including the test setup, the integration algorithm, and actuator control. The results from a series of RTHS are presented that includes actuator control, damper behavior, and the structural response for different MR control laws. The use of the MR dampers is experimentally demonstrated to reduce the response of the structure to strong ground motions. Comparisons of the RTHS results are made with numerical simulations. Based on the results of the study, it is concluded that RTHS can be conducted on realistic structural systems with dampers to enable advancements in resilient earthquake resistant design to be achieved. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Application of semi‐active tuned mass dampers to base‐excited systems

A continuously variable semi‐active damper is used in a tuned mass damper (TMD) to reduce the level of vibration of a single‐degree‐of‐freedom system subjected to harmonic base excitations. The ground hook dampers as have been used in the auto‐industry are being studied here. Using these dampers a new class of tuned mass dampers, named as ground hook tuned mass dampers (GHTMD) is being introduced. In order to generalize the design properties of the GHTMDs, they are defined in terms of non‐dimensional parameters. The optimum design parameters of GHTMDs for lightly damped systems are obtained based on the minimization of the steady‐state displacement response of the main mass. These parameters are computed for different mass ratios and main system damping ratios. Frequency responses of the resulting systems are compared to that of equivalent TMDs using passive dampers. In addition, other characteristics of this system as compared to the passive TMDs are discussed. A design guide to obtain the optimum parameters of GHTMD using the developed diagrams in this paper based on non‐dimensional values is presented. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.