世界地震观测报告的历史和现状

在简要回顾国内外地震台网观测报告的历史基础上,概述了地震报告在地震学研究领域中的地位和作用,分别介绍各种地震报告资料的基本情况、主要内容和学术价值。     

特殊情况下有感地震的对策

１９９１年夏，华东大地遭受重大洪涝灾害，与此同时，重灾区江苏省扬州市又出现有感地震，犹如雪上加霜，给社会的方方面面造成了新的压力。本文介绍了扬州市政府、地震及有关部门面对这种特殊情况所采取的一系列对策。     

An internally consistent thermodynamic dataset with uncertainties and correlations: 1. Methods and a worked example

Abstract This, the first two papers, sets out the philosophy and methods of determining an internally consistent thermodynamic dataset for minerals using the least squares method. The applicability of the least squares method is discussed, and it is applied to a small set of experimental equilibria in the system Na₂O–Al₂O₃–SiO₂–H₂O. The importance is stressed of defining not only the enthalpies of formation of minerals, but also the uncertainties and the correlations among them. The system which has been used as an illustration for this paper serves as a visual guide to the method, as it is small enough to represent graphically in two dimensions. In the paper which follows, we extend the method to a system of 60 equations (experimentally determined equilibria) involving 34 unknowns (enthalpies of formation of mineral end-members).     

An internally consistent thermodynamic dataset with uncertainties and correlations: 2. Data and results

Abstract This, the second of two papers, represents the application of a least squares approach, discussed in the previous paper, to the generation of an internally consistent thermodynamic dataset involving 60 reactions among 43 phases, in the system K₂O–Na₂O–CaO–MgO–Al₂O₃–SiO₂–H₂O–CO₂. We make the assumption that all the thermodynamic data, with the exception of enthalpies of formation of the phases, are well known, and solve for an internally consistent set of enthalpies which reproduces the 60, experimentally determined, phase equilibrium reactions. An important difference between our dataset and that of previous alternatives in the literature is that we are able to determine the uncertainties on, and correlations between, the enthalpies of formation for all phases in the set, and hence are able to apply simple error propagation techniques to determine the uncertainties in any phase equilibrium calculations performed using this dataset. Selection of reactions, for geothermometry and geobarometry, may be more readily made by choosing equilibria with small uncertainties in their thermodynamics. Our data are in reasonably close agreement with the high temperature molten oxide calorimetry results on silicate minerals where available, a fact which lends a degree of confidence to the results.     

神东煤炭基地1:50 000活鸡兔幅矿区水文地质图数据集

本数据集在1：50 000活鸡兔图幅内综合应用了遥感、地面调查、物探、钻探,以及水化学同位素等多种方法进行数据采集,共完成2期遥感数据解译800 km²,地面调查点377个,丰水期、枯水期地下水水位统测240点次,抽水试验10组,水体样品采集共计127组,水文地质钻探累计进尺600 m。本数据集细化了工作区内第四系孔隙含水层、白垩系洛河组孔隙-裂隙含水层富水等级,填补了侏罗系安定组、直罗组水文地质信息的空白;同时,加入了与采煤相关的次生环境地质要素,并首次将浅层含水层疏干区较为准确地勾画出来,还建立了采煤影响下的地下水的循环模式,突出了矿区水文地质调查的特色。本数据集为矿区水文地质调查工作的规划、部署与总结提供常态化支持,对保障国家能源安全、生态安全具有重要的现实意义。     

关中盆地地下水无机指标数据集(2015年度)

本数据集包含了2015年在关中盆地采集的200个地下水样品的位置信息、取样层位信息及33项无机地球化学成分测试结果信息。水质综合评价的结果按照地下水质量级别划分,除去10个空白水样,样品中Ⅱ类水2件,Ⅲ类水57件,Ⅳ类水56件,Ⅴ类水75件;按照地下水水质类型划分,淡水111件,半咸水71件,咸水8件。采样过程规范,测试结果均由具备国家认可资质的实验室测试完成,数据质量可靠。关中盆地从盆地边缘至盆地中心,地下水化学类型由HCO₃-Ca型经HCO₃-Ca·Mg·Na型转变为SO₄·Cl-Na型,呈明显的水平分带性规律。水质评价的结果表明,该时段关中盆地地下水质量状况较差,有68.9%的地下水不适于直接饮用。其中Ⅱ-Ⅲ类水主要分布在关中盆地的南部、西部和北部的局部地区;Ⅳ类水主要分布在渭河边、高陵县、泾阳县和乾县;Ⅴ类水主要分布在大荔县、蒲城县、富平县、阎良区、咸阳市区周边、三原县和礼泉县。本数据集可为研究关中盆地地下水循环演化等提供地球化学指标参考。     

联合HJ-1/CCD和Landsat8/OLI数据反演黑河中游叶面积指数

目前制约30 m分辨率地表参数遥感提取的主要因素是有限的观测个数,而联合多传感器观测是提高单位时间观测频次的一个有效途径。本文以黑河中游为研究区,利用HJ-1/CCD和Landsat 8/OLI传感器构建多传感器观测数据集。对多传感器观测数据集在观测周期内的有效观测个数、观测角度和双向反射分布函数BRDF分布特征、以及经过预处理后的多传感器数据一致性等问题进行分析。不同传感器观测数据质量差异是多传感器联合反演的主要问题,因此本文首先制定了多传感器数据质量控制方案,然后利用统一模型查找表反演单传感器叶面积指数LAI结果,对10天观测周期内经过质量筛选的单传感器反演结果采用平均方法合成LAI产品。结果表明,LAI有效反演像元占总反演像元比例由单传感器的6.4%—49.7%提高到多传感器的75.9%。利用地面测量数据进行验证分析,LAI反演结果与地面实测数据的均方根误差RMSE均值为0.71。利用30 m分辨率的HJ-1/CCD和Landsat 8/OLI传感器数据可以生产精度可信、时间分辨率连续的LAI产品。     

基于镶嵌数据集的洪水演进动态模拟

为使洪水演进中计算得到的枯燥的水文数据变得直观形象,进一步丰富洪水演进可视化手段,以离散水深点数据为基础,采用两种空间插值方法,对比了不同插值方法所生成栅格的优劣,选用合适的插值方法创建水深栅格,并通过构建镶嵌数据集实现了洪水的动态演进和可视化,直观形象地模拟了洪水演进的过程,为防洪减灾决策提供技术支持。     

Response spectral relationships for rock sites derived from the component attenuation model

The seismological model was developed initially from the fundamental relationship between earthquake ground motion properties and the seismic moment generated at the source of the earthquake. Following two decades of continuous seismological research in the United States, seismological models which realistically account for both the source and path effects on the seismic shear waves have been developed and their accuracy rigorously verified (particularly in the long and medium period ranges). An important finding from the seismological research by Atkinson and Boore and their co‐investigators is the similarity of the average frequency characteristics of seismic waves generated at the source between the seemingly very different seismic environments of Eastern and Western North America (ENA and WNA, respectively). A generic definition of the average source properties of earthquakes has therefore been postulated, referred to herein as the generic source model. Further, the generic ‘hard rock’ crustal model which is characteristic of ENA and the generic ‘rock’ crustal model characteristic of WNA have been developed to combine with the generic source model, hence enabling simulations to be made of the important path‐related modifications to ground motions arising from different types of crustal rock materials. It has been found that the anelastic contribution to whole path attenuation is consistent between the ENA and WNA models, for earthquake ground motions (response spectral velocities and displacements) in the near and medium fields, indicating that differences in the ENA and WNA motions arise principally from the other forms of path‐related modifications, namely the mid‐crust amplification and the combined effect of the upper‐crust amplification and attenuation, both of which are significant only for the generic WNA ‘rock’ earthquake ground motions. This paper aims to demonstrate the effective utilization of the latest seismological model, comprising the generic source and crustal models, to develop a response spectral attenuation model for direct engineering applications. The developed attenuation model also comprises a source factor and several crustal (wave‐path modification) component factors, and thus has also been termed herein the component attenuation model (CAM). Generic attenuation relationships in CAM, which embrace both ENA and WNA conditions, have been developed using stochastic simulations. The crustal classification of a region outside North America can be based upon regional seismological and geological information. CAM is particularly useful for areas where local strong motion data are lacking for satisfactory empirical modelling. In the companion paper entitled ‘response spectrum modelling for rock sites in low and moderate seismicity regions combining velocity, displacement and acceleration predictions’, the CAM procedure has been incorporated into a response spectrum model which can be used to effectively define the seismic hazard of bedrock sites in low and moderate seismicity regions. This paper and the companion paper constitute the basis of a long‐term objective of the authors, to develop and effectively utilize the seismological model for engineering applications worldwide.