鄂尔多斯盆地早期构造演化与沉积响应——以姬塬地区长8～长6油层组为例

通过对姬塬地区晚三叠世延长组的长8～长6油层组岩石组分特征、沉积相特征、震积岩及凝灰岩发育规律的分析,探讨了鄂尔多斯盆地早期构造演化与沉积响应过程。研究表明,秦岭隆升时间大致在长8沉积早期,而六盘山的隆升则是稍晚的长7沉积期,长8～长6沉积期可视为中生代鄂尔多斯盆地的早期成形阶段。姬塬地区长8沉积期构造相对稳定,砂岩中不含碳酸盐岩岩屑,无震积岩发育,主要发育浅水三角洲沉积;长7沉积期盆地西南缘的挤压导致了湖盆强烈坳陷,砂岩中开始出现碳酸盐岩岩屑,大量发育的震积岩与频繁出现的凝灰岩共生,研究区以发育水下扇的半深湖为特征;长6沉积期火山活动减弱,但盆地西部断裂带的构造活动仍较强烈,地层中常有震积岩出现,沉积环境以湖泊三角洲为主。由姬塬地区长8～长6沉积期古地理演化,证明以长7沉积期为界,之前鄂尔多斯盆地的演化主要受南缘构造活动控制,自长7沉积期开始同时受盆地南缘和西缘构造活动影响,但以西缘的构造活动控制更强烈。     

Soft‐sediment deformation structures in Cretaceous non‐marine deposits of southeastern Gyeongsang Basin,Korea: Occurrences and origin

A variety of soft‐sediment deformation structures formed during or shortly after deposition occurs in the Cretaceous Seongpori and Dadaepo Formations of the southeastern Gyeongsang Basin exposed along coastal areas of southeastern Korean Peninsula for 0.5–2 km. These are mostly present in a fluvial plain facies, with interbedded lacustrine deposits. In this study, the features of different kinds of soft‐sediment deformation structures have been interpreted on the basis of sedimentology of structure‐bearing deposits, comparison with normal sedimentary structures, timing and mechanism of deformation, and triggering mechanisms. The soft‐sediment deformation structures can be classified into four morphological groups: (i) load structures (load casts, ball‐and‐pillow structures); (ii) soft‐sediment intrusive structures (dish‐and‐pillars, clastic dykes, sills); (iii) ductile disturbed structures (convolute folds, slump structures); and (iv) brittle deformation structures (syndepositional faulting, dislocated breccia). The most probable triggering mechanisms resulting in these structures were seismic shocks. These interpretations are based on the following field observations: (i) location of the study area within tectonically active fault zone reactivated several times during the Cretaceous; (ii) deformation structures confined to single stratigraphic levels; (iii) lateral continuity and occurrences of various soft‐sediment deformation structures in the deformed level over large areas; (iv) absence of depositional slope to indicate gravity sliding or slumping; and (v) similarity to the structures produced experimentally. The soft‐sediment deformation structures in the study areas are thus interpreted to have been generated by seismic shocks with an estimated magnitude of M > 5, representing an intermittent record of the active tectonic and sedimentary processes during the development and evolution of two formations from the late Early Cretaceous to the Late Cretaceous.     

柴达木盆地西南区震积岩的发现及其引发的勘探启迪

随着勘探和开发的需要,岩性油气藏成为柴达木盆地西南区石油勘探的一个重要领域,然而由于受多期的构造叠加改造,致使柴达木盆地西南区岩性油气藏分布规律不清,勘探接替领域不明确。笔者通过研究发现,由于受盆缘及其北西向二级断裂的影响,盆地西南区地震活动强烈,深、浅层均发现一系列与地震有关的震积岩,可见阶梯状小断层、液化砂岩脉、振动液化卷曲变形构造、砂火山、火焰状构造、假结核、震积砂枕、震积砂球构造、串珠状构造及震褶层等原地震积岩的软沉积物变形特征,另外可见地震引起的重力滑塌或泥石流形成的滑塌构造和角砾岩化变形特征,诸如震裂岩、震塌岩、自碎屑角砾岩、液化角砾岩、内碎屑副角砾岩等异地震积岩。事实上这些震积岩能够极大地改善储集层渗透性,使渗透率大幅度增加,为油气勘探和开发提供了新的视角和领域。更为重要的启迪是形成震积岩的古地震具有重要的触发机制,很容易引起三角洲前缘相的岩性发生滑塌,进而形成滑塌扇、浊积等一系列沉积现象,这种储集体将成为油田储量增长的新亮点,本着这种思想,笔者通过叠前地震多属性的预测及先进的叠前AVO反演预测,在柴达木盆地西南区跃东斜坡带发现这种滑塌体的存在,并建立了相应的沉积模式图。这样将可能突破以往该区"...     

鄂尔多斯盆地三叠系延长组震积岩特征研究

震积岩是具有古地震记录的岩层。根据大量岩心观察,鄂尔多斯盆地三叠系延长组广泛发育震积岩沉积标志,如液化砂岩脉、阶梯状小断层、液化卷曲变形、砂球枕构造、泥岩撕裂屑、滑揉构造等。详细分析了各种震积岩特征及其分布,初步建立了鄂尔多斯盆地延长组震积岩垂向沉积序列,包括:A段为下伏未震层;B段为微同沉积断裂层;C段为振动液化卷曲变形层;D段为液化砂岩脉和砂岩墙段;E段为砂球枕及碎块层;F段为液化均一层和G段上覆未震层。震积岩的首次发现为研究盆地周边构造演化强度和期次提供了佐证,同时震积岩也是一种潜在的有利储层。     

川西杂谷脑“冰碛物”中软沉积物变形构造的成因

对四川理县杂谷脑“冰碛物”的地层结构进行了观察,对河湖相地层中的软沉积物变形构造进行了分析。综合研究表明,所谓杂谷脑晚更新世“冰碛物”是由泥石流、崩滑塌堆积物、堰塞湖沉积和河流相砂砾石层构成的多成因“混杂”堆积,湖相地层中发育的强烈褶皱和断裂是河岸陡壁岩石崩塌滑落导致古堰塞湖沉积物发生软沉积变形的结果。软沉积变形构造包括卷曲构造、液化泥块、阶梯状微断裂、球枕构造、火焰构造、落石沉陷构造、环状构造、同生断层和大型褶曲等。一次崩滑塌事件的典型沉积层序由崩塌体、不规则接触面和下伏的河湖相变形地层所组成。沿杂谷脑河上游发现的一系列大型崩塌褶曲构造以及伴生的多种典型的液化变形构造,指示可能是地震活动触发了群发性的崩塌、滑坡灾害事件。     

酒西盆地青南凹陷柳沟庄-窟窿山地区下白垩统震积岩的发现及意义

在甘肃省酒西盆地青南凹陷柳沟庄-窟窿山地区下白垩统下沟组及中沟组地层序列中,首次发现发育一套地震事件沉积物,是一套含微裂缝或同生变形构造及振动液化泄水构造等震积特征的泥质白云岩、白云质泥岩及泥质粉砂岩的组合.本区震积作用及震积岩的主要识别标志为振动液化卷曲变形及其伴生构造、重荷模及伴生构造、脆性和塑性两类沉积物相间的滑塌变形作用及滑塌岩、软沉积物的液化作用及泄水构造、层内阶梯状断层及地裂缝.柳沟庄-窟窿山地区下白垩统震积岩的发现,填补了本区震积岩研究的空白,反映了本区在早白垩世存在一个强烈的构造活动时期,可以推测其影响范围可能还会波及青南凹陷的其他地区,也有望在酒西盆地类似环境的其他凹陷发现震积岩,开辟震积岩研究的新领域.区域构造背景的研究同样表明,青南凹陷青西Ⅰ号同生断裂带及509断阶带的强烈构造活动正是本区早白垩世震积作用的直接诱发因素,为本区震积岩的存在提供了科学依据.     

地震岩问题

在过去的82年(1931—2013)中,共出现了39个成因术语。在这39个术语中,只有10个是真正沉积成因的(例如浊积岩),其他29个术语都是比较草率地提出的(just jargons;例如地震岩、海啸岩等)。“地震岩”(seismites)这一成因术语是赛拉赫(Seilacher,1969)提出的,它指沉积记录中的古地震。这是一个误用的(misnomer)术语。赛拉赫仅仅根据美国加利福尼亚州的中新统蒙特雷组(Miocene Montery Formation)10,m厚的露头观察,就匆忙地提出这个术语。他并未对这个露头进行认真的科学研究。最根本的问题是,地震是一个触动因素^①,并不是一个沉积作用。在古代的沉积记录中,鉴别不出各种触动因素(trigger)^②,因为自然界不能保留触动因素曾经存在过的证据。“软沉积物变形构造”(soft-sediment deformation structures,可简称为SSDS),通常被人们用来作为地震岩的鉴别标志,其实它是“液化作用”(liquefacation)的结果。液化作用可以由21种触动因素中的任何一种引起,其中包括地震(earthquake)、陨石冲击(meteorite impact)、海啸(tsunami)、沉积负载(sediment loading)等。在死海盆地中的角砾碎屑,所谓典型的由地震引起的沉积,实际上是常见的同沉积作用的碎屑流的产物,与地震没有关系。其他类型的SSDS,例如 “双向叠层构造”(duplex-like structures)和碎屑注入体(clastic injections),也可以说是同沉积作用的产物,与地震没有关系。世界上广泛分布的砂岩储油层,包括墨西哥湾、北海、挪威海、尼日利亚、赤道几内亚、加逢、孟加拉湾,都表明这些地区的SSDS的第一起因(primary cause)是沉积负载,其证据是可以观察到的和令人信服的。海啸及陨石冲击,都可以形成大量的沉积,例如SSDS的侧向延伸(lateral extent of SSDS),但这些沉积都不能当作地震的鉴别标志。位于印度东部大陆边缘的Krishna-Godavari(KG)盆地中的SSDS,是多种触动因素^①引起的沉积物的失控和液化作用的结果,即多成因的SSDS。由于这些原因,“地震岩”这个成因术语确实没有什么科学价值,应当废弃。     

皖北新元古代望山组震积岩的基本特征及其形成环境分析

皖北望山组碳酸盐岩中含有大量液化碳酸盐脉、液化变形、角砾岩等震积岩特征 ,是皖北新元古代地层中含震积岩的重要层位。根据震积岩的特征及其在剖面上的分布将望山组沉积期的地震活动分为三期 ;依据对该组碳酸盐岩的沉积特点的分析认为望山组沉积期的地震活动发生在浅海环境中。这些地震活动与新元古代华北板块内的构造—岩浆活动有关。     

辽东湾辽中凹陷中部古近系东营组震浊积岩特征研究

辽东湾辽中凹陷中部古近系东营组地层中发育多期大规模浊积扇,利用岩芯、薄片、测井及地震资料,对这些浊积岩及其下伏地层的沉积成岩特征、沉积构造和岩石类型分析,认为研究区东营组浊积岩与典型的原地震积岩伴生,属于地震成因的浊积岩.这些浊积扇的扇中以长石砂岩和岩屑长石砂岩为主,埋深一般在1 500 m～2 500 m左右,为早成岩演化Bl期.测井解释孔隙度平均为27.5%,储层物性良好,并且具有良好的生储盖组合,钻探证实其良好的含油气性.此类浊积扇与地震活动紧密相关,其分布具有一定的等时性,因此可以推测渤海海域郯庐断裂两侧在活跃期发育的大规模浊积扇,具有良好的岩性油气藏勘探前景.     

Evidence for Late Messinian seismites,Nijar Basin,south‐east Spain

The Feos Formation of the Nijar Basin comprises sediments deposited during the final stage of the Messinian salinity crisis when the Mediterranean was almost totally isolated. Levels of soft‐sediment deformation structures occur in both conglomeratic alluvial sediments deposited close to faults and the hyposaline Lago Mare facies, a laminated and thin‐bedded succession of whitish chalky marls and intercalated sands alternating with non‐marine coastal plain deposits. Deformation structures in the coarse clastics include funnel‐shaped depressions filled with conglomerate, liquefaction dykes terminating downwards in gravel pockets, soft‐sediment mixing bodies, chaotic intervals and flame structures. Evidence for soft‐sediment deformation in the fine‐grained Lago Mare facies comprises syndepositional faulting and fault‐grading, sandstone dykes, mixed layers, slumping and sliding of sandstone beds, convolute bedding, and pillar and flame structures. The soft‐sediment deformed intervals resemble those ascribed elsewhere to seismic shaking. Moreover, the study area provides the appropriate conditions for the preservation of deformation structures induced by seismicity; such as location in a tectonically active area, variable sediment input to produce heterolithic deposits and an absence of bioturbation. The vertical distribution of soft‐sediment deformation implies frequent seismic shocks, underlining the importance of seismicity in the Betic region during the Late Messinian when the Nijar Basin became separated from the Sorbas Basin to the north. The presence of liquefied gravel injections in the marginal facies indicates strong earthquakes (M ≥ 7). The identification of at least four separate fissured levels within a single Lago Mare interval suggests a recurrence interval for large magnitude earthquakes of the order of millennia, assuming that the cyclicity of the alternating Lago Mare and continental intervals was precession‐controlled. This suggestion is consistent with the present‐day seismic activity in SE Spain.