Interpreting magnetic data by integral moments

The use of the integral moments for interpreting magnetic data is based on a very elegant property of potential fields, but in the past it has not been completely exploited due to problems concerning real data. We describe a new 3-D development of previous 2-D results aimed at determining the magnetization direction, extending the calculation to second-order moments to recover the centre of mass of the magnetization distribution. The method is enhanced to reduce the effects of the regional field that often alters the first-order solutions. Moreover, we introduce an iterative correction to properly assess the errors coming from finite-size surveys or interaction with neighbouring anomalies, which are the most important causes of the failing of the method for real data. We test the method on some synthetic examples, and finally, we show the results obtained by analysing the aeromagnetic anomaly of the Monte Vulture volcano in Southern Italy.     

Predicting Global Seafloor Topography Using Multi-Source Data

A new one-minute global seafloor topography model was derived from vertical gravity gradient anomalies (VGG), altimetric gravity anomalies, and ship soundings. Ship soundings are used to constrain seafloor topography at wavelengths longer than 200 km and to calibrate the topography to VGG (or gravity) ratios at short wavelengths area by area. VGG ratios are used to predict seafloor topography for wavelength bands of 100–200 km and to suppress the effect of crust isostasy. Gravity anomalies are used to recover seafloor topography at wavelengths shorter than 100 km. The data processing procedure is described in detail in this paper. The accuracy of the model is evaluated using ship soundings and existing models, including General Bathymetric Charts of the Oceans (GEBCO), DTU10, ETOPO1, and SIO V15.1. The results show that, in the discussed regions, the accuracy of the model is better than ETOPO1, GEBCO, and DTU10. Additionally, the model is comparable with V15.1, which is generally believed to have the highest accuracy. In the north-central Pacific Ocean, the accuracy of the model increased by approximately 29.5% compared with the V15.1 model. This indicates that a more accurate seafloor topography model can be formed by combining gravity anomalies, VGG, and ship soundings.     

汶川8.0级地震前典型流体中期前兆异常的初步研究

汶川8.0级大震流体前兆异常的提取, 采用了严格的定性与定量相结合的方法。 运用"同一化"思路和从属函数等判定方法, 处理川滇等地区的水位、 水氡观测资料。 介绍了5个典型的流体前兆异常实例, 并对其特征进行归纳。 初步研究结果表明, 汶川地震的流体趋势前兆异常变化是明显的, 这些异常的一个显著特点是, 其变化特征与与我国其他强震前的异常相似。     

Interpretation of Magnetic Anomalies and Estimation of Depth of Magnetic Crust in Slovakia

The magnetic map of Slovakia used in the paper was compiled as part of a project titled Atlas of Geophysical maps and profiles in 2001. The residual magnetic data were analyzed to produce Curie point estimates. To remove distortion of magnetic anomalies caused by the Earth’s magnetic field, reduction to pole transformation was applied to the magnetic anomalies using the magnetization angle of the induced magnetization. Anomalies reduced to the pole tend to be better correlated with tectonic structures. We applied a 3-km upward continuation to the residually compiled magnetic anomalies in order to remove effects of topography. The depth of magnetic dipoles was calculated by an azimuthally averaged power spectrum method for the entire area. Such estimates can be indicative of temperatures in the crust, since magnetic minerals lose their spontaneous magnetization according to Curie temperature of the dominant magnetic minerals in the rocks. The computed Curie point depths in the Slovakia region vary between 15.2 km and 20.9 km. Heat flow higher than 100 mWm⁻² occurs at the central volcanics and eastern part of Slovakia, where the Curie point depths values are shallow. The correlation between Curie point depths, heat flow and crust depth was investigated for two E-W cross sections. Heat flow and Curie point depth values are correlated with each other however, these values could not be correlated with crust depth. The Curie point isotherm, which separates magnetic and non-magnetic parts of the crust, is represented in two cross sections.     

Seismicity in the Rotorua and Kawerau geothermal systems,Taupo Volcanic Zone,New Zealand,based on improved velocity models and cross-correlation measurements

We analyze earthquakes occurring in and around the Rotorua and Kawerau geothermal systems, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand. The two data sets contain 504 and 1875 shallow (≤ 20 km deep) earthquakes, respectively, and span the 21 year period between 1984 and 2004. The arrival time data for these earthquakes are first used to calculate 1-D P- and S-wave seismic velocity models and accompanying station correction terms for both areas. In order to address the non-uniqueness of the joint hypocenter-velocity model estimation problem, we analyze suites of 1000 velocity models computed from random initial models. The final velocity models are well constrained, particularly at depths between 4 and 15 km, and consistent with the results obtained in previous seismic refraction studies of the central Taupo Volcanic Zone. Using a combination of cross-correlation-derived and catalog-based arrival times, we relocate subsets of the Rotorua and Kawerau data sets. In Rotorua, the relocated earthquakes cluster near the geothermally active parts of Rotorua City and beneath the Mount Ngongotaha rhyolite dome. Earthquake clusters and alignments reveal seismogenic structures in the mid-crust whose positions and geometries are consistent with previously published fault mechanisms and known near-surface faults. In Kawerau, the earthquakes within the geothermal field align along northeast-trending lineations, consistent with the predominant alignment of surface-mapped faults in the area.     

利用震兆曲线非线性特征估计川滇区域地震危险性时间

对川滇及邻区特定构造区域地震活动的时间、强度和空间分布进行了分析,结合研究区1988年以来的8次地震发生前ML≥3.0级地震活动指标缺震(L值)、频度(N值)、活动度(S值)和危险度(D值)的曲线非线性特征进行了分析,给出了下一次地震危险性时间的估计方法。川滇及相邻地区的地震模型ML≥3.0级群体地震活动的震兆曲线,能够很好地描述川滇区域地震活动强、弱变化的异常信息,临震信号是地震失稳的标志,有震异常和临震前的短临异常反映出的时间变化非线性曲线特征能够有效地给出地震发生的时间判断。     

应对汶川特大地震波及乐山事件的做法及思考

2008年5月12日汶川8.0级地震是有史以来对乐山市波及范围最广、人员伤亡最多、经济损失最大、社会影响最强烈的地震。本文回顾了近几年乐山市在地震应急准备方面所做的工作和汶川特大地震波及乐山后的应急工作,认为坚持不懈地抓好地震应急准备是做好大地震之后应急工作的重要前提,及时有效地开展应急工作是防震减灾部门的重要职责,震后恢复重建中防震减灾部门可以发挥重要作用。     

2008年3月21日盈江5．3级地震前长中短临异常特征的研究

在地震短临跟踪工作过程中,我们发现,2008年3月21日盈江5．3级地震前,在地震活动性方面,长中短临不同时段内呈现出各种形态的异常,小震活动呈现条带、围空和平静－活跃的过程。地下流体前兆异常水氡趋势性中期异常呈现同步性转折,水氡突变性短临异常呈现同步性突跳,近源区和邻区的水汞呈现同步性高值异常;而且,地下流体前兆异常形成区域与中强震发生地点有一定的构造关联性。因此,对2008年3月21日盈江5．3级地震前地震活动性长中短临各阶段呈现的异常．中短临地下流体前兆异常,进行了系统回顾和总结,理清预报思路,以便更好地指导今后的工作。