复杂城区车载激光扫描点云分层路段定位与数据纠正实验研究

高精度的车载点云数据是实现各种城市地物要素提取的前提,但在复杂城市环境下车载作业时信号遮挡、衰减和多径效应频繁发生,进而造成点云数据精度严重降低,如何对复杂环境下的点云数据进行分析和纠正就显得至关重要.现有的质量分析方法多从测距误差、仪器安装误差和数据处理误差方面出发,虽然可以在一定程度上改化数据,但在如何快速定位出分...     

精密单点定位结合EGM2008模型在新疆某河地质断面测量中的应用

针对新疆某河地质断面测量范围大、测区通行困难、测量部位分散、传统控制测量方法工作量大且效率低的问题,在测区每条断面上布设断面基点作为控制点并用GNSS接收机静态观测(无需同步),选用武汉大学开发的Trip2.0软件加载事后精密星历和精密钟差等信息解算静态观测数据得到ITRF框架下的三维坐标,然后采用TBC软件加载EGM2008超高阶地球重力场模型点校正得到控制点的国家平面坐标和正常高。结果表明,Trip2.0软件计算的三维点位中误差最大为0.066 m,点校正坐标转换残差与已知点差值均满足限差要求;该方法平面控制测量工作量比传统方案减少46%,五等水准测量比传统方案减少98%,节约工期约56%。实践表明,采用该方法可快速地实现测区面积大、测点分散、控制点稀少区域的平面及高程控制测量。     

赤道东印度洋和孟加拉湾障碍层厚度的年际变化及其影响机制

Interannual variability(IAV) in the barrier layer thickness(BLT) and forcing mechanisms in the eastern equatorial Indian Ocean(EEIO) and Bay of Bengal(BoB) are examined using monthly Argo data sets during 2002–2017. The BLT during November–January(NDJ) in the EEIO shows strong IAV, which is associated with the Indian Ocean dipole mode(IOD), with the IOD leading the BLT by two months. During the negative IOD phase, the westerly wind anomalies driving the downwelling Kelvin waves increase the isothermal layer depth(ILD). Moreover, the variability in the mixed layer depth(MLD) is complex. Affected by the Wyrtki jet, the MLD presents negative anomalies west of 85°E and strong positive anomalies between 85°E and 93°E. Therefore, the BLT shows positive anomalies except between 86°E and 92°E in the EEIO. Additionally, the IAV in the BLT during December–February(DJF) in the BoB is also investigated. In the eastern and northeastern BoB, the IAV in the BLT is remotely forced by equatorial zonal wind stress anomalies associated with the El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation(ENSO). In the western BoB, the regional surface wind forcing-related ENSO modulates the BLT variations.     

Impacts of confining pressure and safety thickness on water and mud inrush in weathered granite

Abstract

Due to the strong disintegration and water erosion of completely weathered granite, water and mud inrush disasters are apt to take place in this zone during underwater tunnel construction. The pore, compactness, seepage path length, fracture geometries and their interconnections for water and mud transfer are strongly influenced by confining pressure and waterproof-resistant slab safety thickness. In order to inspect the influence, a series of experiments based on a self-designed testing system and non-Darcy testing method were performed. The results indicated that the water and mud inrush evolution increased with the increase of confining pressure and decreased with the increase of safety thickness. In particular, the confining pressure mainly influences the initial evolution stage, and a critical safety thickness to prevent water and mud inrush is obtained. Besides, the non-Darcy testing method results shows that the water and mud inrush evolution affects the influence of non-Darcy flow. For example, while the safety thickness was smaller than the critical value, the evolution was large and unstable and its behavior transferred into nonlinear. In this case, the flow changed to non-Darcy flow.     

Terrestrial heat flow and lithospheric thermal structure in the Chagan Depression of the Yingen-Ejinaqi Basin,north central China

The Chagan Depression in the Yingen-Ejinaqi Basin, located at the intersection of the Paleo-Asian Ocean and the Tethys Ocean domains is an important region to gain insights on terrestrial heat flow, lithospheric thermal structure and deep geodynamic processes. Here, we compute terrestrial heat flow values in the Chagan Depression using a large set of system steady-state temperature data from four representative wells and rock thermal conductivity. We also estimate the “thermal” lithospheric thickness, mantle heat flow, ratio of mantle heat flow to surface heat flow and Moho temperature to evaluate the regional tectonic framework and deep dynamics. The results show that the heat flow in the Chagan Depression ranges from 66.5 to 69.8 mW/m², with an average value of 68.3 ± 1.2 mW/m². The Chagan Depression is characterized by a thin “thermal” lithosphere, high mantle heat flow, and high Moho temperature, corresponding to the lithospheric thermal structure of “cold mantle and hot crust” type. We correlate the formation of the Yingen-Ejinaqi Basin to the Early Cretaceous and Cenozoic subduction of the western Pacific Plate and the Cenozoic multiple extrusions. Our results provide new insights into the thermal structure and dynamics of the lithospheric evolution in central China.     

基于PS-InSAR技术的黄土大厚度挖方区回弹变形规律分析

以陕北某湿陷性黄土大厚度挖方地基工程为研究对象,采用PS-InSAR技术对2018-10—2019-11间获取的16景TerraSAR-X卫星影像进行处理,获取了湿陷性黄土挖方区回弹变形信息,总结了大厚度挖方区时序回弹变形特征。结果表明,由于上部土体应力卸载,在开挖区域存在地基土回弹变形现象,选取的高密度PS点变形信息较好地反映了研究区的真实变形情况,回弹变形范围与开挖边界吻合,另外挖方厚度越大,土体开挖引起的回弹变形越大;在开挖完成后的1年监测时间内,回弹区变形量随时间呈线性变化,在最大开挖厚度处,产生最大回弹量为29.3 mm;此外,PS-InSAR技术监测到的变形量与实地水准结果吻合性较好,表明该技术在黄土大厚度挖方区回弹变形监测中具有较好的应用效果。     

不同法截面子午线椭球衔接的研究及应用

为了满足高速铁路线路控制网的投影长度变形值不大于10 mm／km的要求,将长线工程线路分成多段并建立各自的法截面子午线椭球．针对相邻法截面子午线椭球的衔接问题,提出交点法线重合的方法,实现椭球变换之后交点位置的一致性,解决线路的衔接问题,从而大大加强法截面子午线椭球理论在工程线路弯曲性、复杂性及长度的适用性．      

泛北极地区多年冻土活动层厚度演变

深入理解泛北极地区多年冻土活动层厚度的演变, 对于全球碳通量模拟、气候变化预测及泛北极地区冻融风险评估具有重要意义。目前开展的泛北极地区多年冻土活动层厚度模拟与分析, 大多无法全覆盖或空间分辨率过低(25 km或是更大), 在景观尺度(公里级)上的多年冻土活动层厚度变化特征仍有待解析, 尤其是关键基础设施区的活动层厚度变化仍不清楚。本研究基于站点监测数据、MOD11B3地表温度数据、MCD12C1土地覆盖数据, 采用Stefan模型, 在公里级空间分辨率上模拟泛北极地区2001年—2017年多年冻土活动层厚度, 并解析泛北极地区及主要油气区多年冻土活动层厚度时空变化格局及主要原因。研究发现: 2001年—2017年泛北极地区约有78.4%的冻土区域多年冻土活动层厚度呈现增长趋势, 尽管全区多年平均的增长速率为0.22 cm/a (p<0.05), 但具有较强的时空差异性。显著增长区主要集中在加拿大西北部的落基山脉及劳伦琴高原一带以及俄罗斯中西伯利亚高原中部地区, 增加速率主要在0.5—1 cm/a;而减少区主要分布在加拿大的哈得孙湾沿岸平原、拉布拉多高原一带, 俄罗斯的东西伯利亚山地北部、中西伯利亚高原的北部、贝加尔湖以东区域和泰拉尔半岛一带。泛北极地区主要油气区多年冻土活动层厚度也以增加为主, 80%以上的油气区呈现增加趋势, 增长速率在0.1—0.7 cm/a。泛北极地区多年冻土活动层厚度变化与气温变化在空间上具有较好的一致性;积雪厚度与活动层厚度关系复杂;不同植被类型的多年冻土活动层厚度有所差异(林地>草地>稀树草原>灌丛), 且多年冻土活动层厚度变化与植被转化方向一致。该成果将有助于深入理解北半球高纬度多年冻土区冻融格局, 尤其可为冻土区的油气设施冻融风险识别与防控提供参考。     

雅鲁藏布江河谷加查-米林段沙丘成因

加查-米林段位于雅鲁藏布江河谷中游下段,分布沙丘89片。通过实地考察、遥感卫星影像解译、DEM分析、粒度分析等方法对加查-米林段沙丘成因进行分析。结果表明：依据沙丘沙物质来源可将加查-米林段沙丘划分为河漫滩型沙丘、阶地型沙丘和谷坡型沙丘。河漫滩型沙丘形成与雅鲁藏布江水位关系密切。丰水期洪水淹没河漫滩,泥沙沉积;枯水期水位降低,泥沙出露,经风的吹蚀、搬运、堆积形成河漫滩型沙丘。阶地型沙丘和谷坡型沙丘形成与表层覆盖的黄土层（粉质砂土）破坏有关。雅鲁藏布江不断下切,在阶地及谷坡不同高度残留古河流冲积沙,遭受风蚀后风蚀堆积物形成古沙丘。因环境演变,古沙丘表面沉积黄土,形成致密坚硬的黄土层,不易被风吹蚀,成为古沙丘的保护层。黄土层受风蚀、水蚀及人类活动破坏,导致下伏古沙丘裸露,形成现代流动沙丘。     

渤海海峡断面温度结构及流量的季节变化

作者采用 POM模式 ,利用从卫星遥感资料反演的风和海表温度 (SST)数据并考虑 M2分潮作用 ,对渤海海域的温度、流场的三维结构进行数值计算。根据数值模式的计算结果 ,重点分析渤海海峡温度结构和水交换的季节变化特征。结果表明风应力和 SST的季节性变化导致渤海海峡的水交换流型、温度结构和流量有明显的季节性变化。