南海东北部分粒级叶绿素a和超微型光合生物的周日变化

分别于2014年春、秋和2015年夏3个季节对南海东北部A站位(118°E,21.5°N)分粒级叶绿素a浓度和超微型光合生物(原绿球藻、聚球藻和超微型真核藻类)细胞丰度的昼夜变化进行了24 h时间序列连续观测和分析。通过萃取荧光法分析叶绿素a浓度,发现叶绿素a浓度呈现明显的昼夜变化,春季正午最高,秋季和夏季基本变化趋势为白天升高,夜晚降低;而因夏季中午的光抑制作用,叶绿素a的浓度相对较低。超微型光合生物(0.2~3μm)对总叶绿素a的贡献最高(71.49%),小型浮游植物(20μm)贡献率最低(10.41%)。通过流式细胞技术检测到3个超微型光合生物类群;其中,原绿球藻为优势类群,最大细胞丰度达1.05×10~5cells/m L,其次是聚球藻,超微型真核藻类的细胞丰度最低,但由于其单位细胞内的叶绿素a含量高,所以可能对叶绿素a的贡献最大。聚球藻丰度基本上白天下降,傍晚到午夜上升;秋季和夏季,超微型真核藻类的丰度白天高,夜晚低,而春季则相反;原绿球藻在秋季和春季的昼夜变化规律和超微型真核藻类相似。在多种因素共同影响下,光照是调控叶绿素a浓度和超微型光合生物丰度昼夜变化的一个关键因素。季节变化上,原绿球藻的细胞丰度季节间没有统计学差异(P0.05),聚球藻的季节变化为秋夏春,超微型真核藻类的季节变化规律和聚球藻相反。     

基于相关系数和Fisher最优分割法的汛期分期研究

从径流形成原理出发,提出了采用降雨径流相关系数作为汛期分期指标的基本思路。以陕西省石头河水库1954~2007年的日降水和日流量资料为基础,采用主成分分析法对影响时段径流的因素进行了分析,筛选出了影响不同时段径流量的主要因素,计算了主要影响因素与时段径流量的相关系数,采用Fisher最优分割法将石头河水库汛期划分为汛前过渡期(4月1日~5月20日)、前汛期(5月21日~7月10日)、主汛期(7月11日~8月10日)、后汛期(8月11日~9月20日)和汛后过渡期(9月21日~10月31日),并结合区域气候特点和实际发生的洪水对成果进行了合理性论证。该方法资料要求低,计算简便,具有一定的推广应用价值。     

长江中下游河湖洪水演进的数值模拟

以长江中下游(宜昌-大通)防洪系统为对象,在水文、河道及湖盆地形现状条件下,建立了一个能适应各种复杂条件的一二维非恒定流模型,来进行长江干流、河网、湖泊、分蓄洪区垸及水库的洪水演进和调度仿真.所建模型的洞庭湖部分采用无结构网格二维非恒定有限体积格式,以适应湖区复杂的边界形状和保持水量平衡.河网区部分采用一维非恒定流显隐结合的分块三级算法,以准确实现河网汊点流量的自动分配和往复流动.为了提高模拟精度和扩展模拟功能,在水流数值模拟的范围内侧重讨论了内外动边界处理、分蓄洪运用及阻力项计算等环节,提出了合理可行的数值处理方法.采用20世纪80年代至90年代共6年汛期洪水资料对所建模型进行了严格的率定和检验,高精度的模拟结果证实了模型的合理性和有效性.     

Flood hazards in the upper and middle Odra River basin – A short review over the last century

During the 20th century many floods of different intensity and extent have occurred on the Odra River and its tributaries. On the basis of long-term water level observations five major floods, that affected the entire upper and middle Odra River basin, were chosen for further analysis: June 1902, July 1903, August 1977, August 1985 and July 1997. However, hazardous floods were not only those that covered the whole upper and middle Odra River basin, so several local floods were also studied. Detailed historical analysis was made of meteorological conditions, with special emphasis on precipitation patterns and amounts. Then, on the basis of flood peak time occurrence, the stages of flood wave formation were formulated. The natural flood wave of the Odra River is often modified by hydro-technical infrastructure, the development and improvement of which is briefly described in this paper. In conclusion, a comparison of flood wave characteristics such as rising time, falling time, duration, peak flow and volume is presented.     

扩散波的时空反演与洪水实时预报技术

以扩散波方程描述天然河道中的洪水波运动规律。将数学物理反问题理论和离散反演算法与河道流量演算相结合提出了扩散波实时预报的方法。该法的特点是在求解流量场Ｑ（ｘ,ｔ）的同时反演计算扩散波波速Ｃ（ｘ,ｔ）和扩散系数Ｄ（ｘ,ｔ）,根据不断监测的新信息系列,直接利用原偏微分方程进行参数的实时校正和预报过程实时修正。     

季节性Kendall检验及其在三门峡水库水质趋势分析中的应用

选择1997—2002年三门峡库区的龙门、潼关和三门峡3个断面的水质监测资料,运用季节性Kendall检验方法分析三门峡水库水质趋势,结果显示：龙门断面,CODMn、NO2-N及Hg的变化趋势不明显,NH3-N呈显著上升趋势,As、Cd和Cu呈显著下降趋势,而Pb则呈高度显著下降趋势;潼关断面,NH3-N、NO2-N和Hg的变化趋势不明显,CODMn呈显著上升趋势,As、Cd和Pb呈显著下降趋势,而Cu则呈高度显著下降趋势;三门峡断面,CODMn、NO2-N、As及Hg的变化趋势不明显,NH3-N污染呈显著上升趋势,Cd呈显著下降趋势,而Cu和Pb则呈高度显著下降趋势。     

气候变暖背景下1961—2010年宁夏旱涝灾害空间分布特征和变化规律

利用宁夏20个气象站1961—2010年实测气象资料,采用线性趋势分析、Mann-Kendall非参数检验、标准化降水指数等数理分析方法,对宁夏近50年旱涝灾害时空变化特征进行分析。结果表明:①1961—2010年宁夏气候暖干化趋势明显,增温速率为0.38 ℃/10a,远高于全国和西北地区;②1961—2010年宁夏降水量波动减少且具有整体性,雨量带明显南移,干旱、半干旱区域逐年扩大。③1961—2010年宁夏旱涝灾害交替发生,干旱化趋势明显。④在旱灾方面,宁夏南部山区旱灾频率相对较低,从南向北旱灾频率逐渐上升。北部灌溉区以轻微干旱为主,严重干旱和极端干旱主要发生在中部干旱区。⑤在涝灾方面,宁夏南部山区涝灾相对较少,依然呈现由南向北涝灾频率逐渐上升的空间格局。中等以上涝灾南部山区相对较多,严重湿润和极端湿润主要发生在北部引黄灌溉区。     

Sea-level rise and flooding in coastal riverine flood plains

Abstract

This work presents a method for calculating the contributions of sea-level rise and urban growth to flood risk in coastal flood plains. The method consists of hydraulic/hydrological, urban growth and flood-damage quantification modules. The hydraulic/hydrological module estimates peak annual flows to generate flood stages impacted by sea-level rise within flood plains. A model for urban growth predicts patterns of urbanization within flood plains over the period 2010–2050. The flood-damage quantification module merges flood maps and urbanization predictions to calculate the expected annual flood damage (EAFD) for given scenarios of sea-level rise. The method is illustrated with an application to the Tijuana River of southern California, USA, and northwestern Mexico, where the EAFD is predicted to increase by over US$100 million because of sea-level rise of 0.25–1.0 m and urban growth by the year 2050. It is shown that urbanization plays a principal role in increasing the EAFD in the study area for the range of sea-level rise considered.

Editor Z.W. Kundzewicz

Citation Garcia, E.S. and Loáiciga, H.A., 2013. Sea-level rise and flooding in coastal riverine flood plains. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 59 (1), 204–220.     

裂缝性边水油气藏水侵量计算方法

水侵量求取一直是困扰油藏工程师的一个问题，其中,裂缝性边水水侵量的计算还没有一个公开的有效方法。本文试根据不稳定渗流模型，提出裂缝性边水水侵量的新计算方法。     

Morphologies and emplacement mechanisms of the lava flows of the Faroe Islands Basalt Group,Faroe Islands,NE Atlantic Ocean

The Palaeogene Faroe Islands Basalt Group (FIBG) comprises three eruptive sequences or formations, all emplaced into a subaerial environment during the development of the extensive continental flood basalt province that stretches from East Greenland through the Faroe Islands and into the Faroe-Shetland Basin. The Beinisvørð Formation, having a tabular-classic facies architecture, is composed of a sequence of simple flows each comprising a single sheet lobe. The Beinisvørð Formation is overlain by the distinctly contrasting Malinstindur Formation that has a compound-braided facies architecture. The Enni Formation occurs at the top of the sequence and consists of a mixture of simple and compound flows with tabular-classic and compound-braided facies architectures, respectively. Surface and internal characteristics of the sheet lobes of the Beinisvørð and Enni formations indicate emplacement through inflation, which is more obvious for the tube-fed compound flows of the Malinstindur and Enni formations. The difference between the simple and compound flow sequences of the FIBG is, most likely, linked to the manner in which the lava was supplied during the eruption and the eruptive style of the volcanic system. The sheet lobes were erupted over laterally extensive areas from fissure systems which had a continuous supply of lava, which contrasts with the tube-fed compound flows which were erupted in a gradual, piecemeal manner from point-sourced, low shield volcanoes with limited areal extents.