南京地区蛋鸡生产热应激影响的特征分析

针对南京地区夏季高温高湿的气候特征，分别分析了温度、湿度及温湿综合因子（温湿指数）对蛋鸡生产的影响，确定了该地区热应激发生的时间及强度特征。结果表明：该地区热应激发生于６、７、８月，严重热应激主要集中在７月中旬￣８月上旬，尤其在７月下旬。     

A multi-generation Schmakeria poplesia culturing system for use in ecotoxicological study

Crustacean zooplankton form the keystone link between primary producers and fish stocks in marine and estuary ecosystems. We have established a multi-generation cultivation system for zooplankton with which future experiments on the biological effects of pollutants in marine and estuary environments can be better performed. A population of calanoid copepod, Schmakeria poplesia, was collected in December 2003 and maintained in a static system through all stages (eggs to adults). The population exhibited an average developmental time of 13.6 d in conditions corresponding to the natural environment (water temperature 20°C, salinity 15). A series of experiments were performed to examine copepod egg production and hatching success as functions of food type and feeding concentration. Results in our study showed that Isochrysis galbana was more favored for the reproduction of copepods than Phaeodactylum tricornutum, and 10×10⁴cells mL⁻¹ was the most practical algae concentration. We have demonstrated that the Schmakeria poplesia population can be maintained in the laboratory through multiple generations. In addition, methods to control egg production through changes in food concentration have been established, making it feasible to control the start date of exposure experiments or the timing of the collection of offspring to initiate a new generation.     

Occurrence of organochlorine pollutants in the eggs and dropping-amended soil of Antarctic large animals and its ecological significance

Persistent organochlorine pollutants (POPs) are analyzed for the dropping-amended soils from the habitats of Antarctic seabirds and seals in Fildes Peninsula and Ardley Island. The concentration ranges are 0.21 to 3.85 ng/g for polychlorinated biphenyls (ΣPCBs),0.09 to 2.01 ng/g for organochlorine pesticides (ΣDDT),and 0.06 to 0.76 ng/g for hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs). Among these,hepata-chlorobiphenyls,hexachlorobiphenyls,p,p′-DDE and α-HCH compounds are dominant. The concentra-tion ranges of ΣPCB,DDT and HCH in the eggs of skuas were 91.9―515.5 ng/g,56.6―304.4 ng/g and 0.5―2.0 ng/g respectively; those in the eggs of penguins were 0.4―0.9 ng/g,2.4―10.3 ng/g and 0.1― 0.4 ng/g; and those in the eggs of giant petrel were 38.1―81.7 ng/g,12.7―53.7 ng/g and 0.5―1.5 ng/g respectively. The dominant POP compounds in the eggs are PCB180,PCB153,p,p′-DDE and hexa-chlorobenzene (HCB). The present study shows that the concentration of POPs in the sea-bird-inhabited-dropping-amended soil varies with the extent of predation and nest occupancy of dif-ferent seabird populations. Statistical analysis on the POP concentrations from the different seabird eggs implies that the difference in the bio-concentration levels of the birds depends on the bio-habits of the species,such as the range of activity,distance of immigration,feeding pattern,and nest occupation. Among these,the most important factor is the location of the seabirds in the food chain and their feeding pattern. This shows that POPs accumulated in the seabirds resulted from the bio-concentration through the food chain. In addtion,210Pb dating for the dropping-amended soils (AD1-a and AD2) was performed,which provided the POP accumulation rate and the historic record for the soil profile. It indicates that POP will continuously affect the Antarctic ecosystem for a long time.     

海洋无脊椎动物消化酶的研究 Ⅰ、紫贻贝、日本蟳、滨螺消化酶的初步分析及其应用

本文用11种酶底物,测定了紫贻贝、日本蟳和滨螺消化系统的酶活性,并初步研究了这些消化酶的应用。实验表明:1.0％的紫贻贝消化酶在25℃、20分钟内可水解去除鲬鱼受精卵膜。1.0％的该消化酶加入等体0.5％的半纤维素酶和果胶酶,在30℃、60分钟内可制备出大量啤酒酵母原生质体。在同样条件下,1.5—2小时内,可去除大部分三角褐指藻的细胞壁。     

香鱼(Plecoglossus altivelis) JNK1基因克隆及其在成熟卵过熟进程中的表达变化

c-Jun氨基端激酶(c-JunN-terminalkinases,JNKs)是丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase, MAPK)蛋白超家族成员之一,参与细胞骨架构建、细胞凋亡等多种细胞活动。本研究克隆了香鱼(Plecoglossusaltivelis)JNK1基因cDNA序列,并检测了其成熟卵在排入体腔保存不同时间(0—96h)的过熟过程中JNK1基因的表达变化。结果显示,香鱼JNK1基因cDNA序列全长1670bp,含一个长度1155bp的开放读码框,编码384个氨基酸,预测蛋白分子质量约44.2kDa、理论等电点6.61。氨基酸序列多重比对显示硬骨鱼类中JNK1氨基酸序列高度保守,香鱼与黄鳝的JNK1序列相似性最高(97.6%)。系统进化树分析显示各种脊椎动物的JNK1、JNK2、JNK3分别聚为一簇;本研究获得的香鱼JNK1位于JNK1大簇中并与黄鳝JNK1优先相聚,表明二者进化关系较近。RT-PCR检测结果显示健康香鱼JNK1基因在脑和性腺中高表达,肝和鳃中无表达。实时荧光定量PCR检测显示香鱼成熟卵JNK1基因的表达变化与卵的受精率、孵化率随保存时间延长而降低之间存在相关性:成熟卵随保存时间的延长JNK1表达量逐渐升高、在48h时达到峰值(24h、48h时的表达量分别为0h时的1.49倍和2.55倍),在此期间卵有较高的受精率和孵化率(48h时分别为88.99%和67.32%);保存时间继续延长时卵内JNK1基因都处于高表达水平,72h和96h时的表达量分别为0h时的2.32倍和1.53倍,而卵的质量也在保存超过48h后急剧下降(72h时受精率和孵化率分别为50.2%和25.54%)直至基本失去受精、孵化能力(96h时受精率和孵化率分别为10.83%和0.54%)。综上,香鱼JNK1基因表达上调与香鱼成熟卵的过熟凋亡过程密切相关,为深入研究香鱼JNK1基因的功能及卵过熟机制提供了基础资料。     

对虾鳗弧菌卵黄抗体(IgY)的制备及其对人工感染的保护研究

以纯培养的鳗弧菌作为抗原,探讨对虾鳗弧菌(Vibrio anguillarum)卵黄抗体(IgY)的制备技术,以及IgY在对虾体内的代谢及对人工感染和自然感染弧菌病的保护作用。结果表明:鳗弧菌对蛋鸡有较好的免疫原性,产蛋鸡经免疫后,血清与卵黄中很快出现抗体,而且卵黄中的抗体水平要高于血清中的抗体水平。IgY对鳗弧菌的感染有可靠的保护作用,IgY经口服后很快到达直肠,继而血淋巴、肝胰脏中也出现抗体,并可持续12~24 h;投喂IgY的试验组对虾在7 d内的死亡率为15%,极显著地低于对照组对虾的同期死亡率(为60%)。     

潮间带大弹涂鱼产卵习性和自然受精卵孵化研究

从环氧树脂模型揭示了福建省福宁湾潮间带滩涂大弹涂鱼Boleophthalmus pectinirostris洞穴的整体结构。多数洞穴略呈Y字形,每个洞穴有主洞口和次洞口之分。春季5—6月大弹涂鱼洞穴的中下部出现1个产卵室,产卵室横切面的上方呈拱形,底部平坦。潮间带滩涂产卵习性实验表明,产卵前性成熟雄鱼建造产卵室,并引诱性成熟雌鱼进入产卵室内交配产卵,受精卵依靠粘着丝粘在产卵室的顶部和周壁。产卵后雄鱼留洞护卵。每个产卵室的受精卵总数为3 595—4 314粒,平均为3 957粒,平均受精率高达99.67%,受精卵密度为58—114粒.cm-2,平均为87粒.cm-2。产卵室顶部和周壁受精卵的粘着丝位于上端,胚体位于下端,呈倒立状态,大多数受精卵的胚体头部朝下,为反向卵(平均占98.07%),易于孵化出仔鱼。将潮间带洞穴内产卵室受精卵取回实验室,模拟洞穴的小生境进行孵化实验。2次模拟孵化实验结果表明,受精卵始终全淹没于海水的平均孵化率(81.19%—82.90%)高于受精卵湿露24h后才全淹没于海水的平均孵化率(76.38%—79.19%)。湿露而不淹没于海水的受精卵不能孵化出仔鱼。     

福建三沙湾浮性鱼卵和仔、稚鱼的分布

本文根据1990年2～11月在三沙湾海域分别进行4个季节调查的资料,对三沙湾鱼卵和仔、稚鱼的种类组成、丰度和主要种类的分布进行研究和探讨.结果表明,本海区共出现鱼卵和仔、稚鱼26种,分别隶属于17科22属.在数量上,鱼卵最高值出现在春季（5月）,其中鱼卵丰度较高的种类是真鲷、带鱼、鲾和康氏小公鱼等种类.仔稚鱼以夏季丰度最高,并以鰕虎鱼丰度（71.8%）最高.在分布上,鱼卵的丰度以三都岛东北部和东吾洋海域最高,仔稚鱼以三都岛东部最为密集.这表明本海区的鱼类的主要产卵季节是春季和夏季.其数量、分布与水温及桡足类的分布关系密切.     

海水模式种青鳉鱼(Oryzias melastigma)的胚胎发育观察

海水青鳉鱼(Oryzias melastigma)作为一种新兴的海洋模式生物,可应用于海洋生态毒理学的研究。鱼类发育的早期阶段对污染物最为敏感,海水青鳉鱼胚胎毒性分析已成为毒理学研究的重要方法,但是目前尚未见有关海水青鳉胚胎发育的有关报道,因此本研究对海水青鳉鱼的繁殖习性和胚胎发育过程进行了详细观察。利用体视显微镜对海水青鳉的早期胚胎发育过程的形态特征进行了连续的实验观察,并描述了各个发育时期的特征。在水温(26±0.5)°C的条件下,海水青鳉鱼受精卵历时220h 30min孵化出膜。胚胎发育过程分为受精卵激活阶段、受精卵胚盘形成阶段、卵裂阶段、囊胚阶段、原肠胚阶段、神经胚阶段、器官形成阶段、孵化出膜阶段8个阶段,共分为33个时期。