海水浸泡前后太平洋牡蛎卵子超微结构的比较研究

透射电镜下比较研究了海水浸泡前、后太平洋牡蛎卵子 (Crassostrea,gigas Thunberg)的超微结构。太平洋牡蛎卵子为均黄卵 ,由卵黄膜、质膜、卵质与卵核 4部分组成。卵质内除含有线粒体、内质网、高尔基体等细胞器之外 ,还含有多种来源的卵黄颗粒 ,但缺乏皮层颗粒。海水浸泡前 ,内质网含量少 ,线粒体丰富 ,集中分布在核膜附近 ,卵核 (生发泡 )未破裂 ;海水浸泡后 ,胞质含有十分丰富的粗面内质网 ,线粒体分散分布 ,生发泡破裂 ,卵子处于第一次成熟分裂中期 ,核仁存在 ,核仁组织中心与粗面内质网紧密相连。     

Protecting window‐size female American lobster,Homarus americanus,to increase egg production

A new conservation measure aimed at protecting the larger broodstock (females with a carapace length between 115 and 129 mm, i.e., window‐size females, WSF) to enhance egg production was implemented in 2003 for the American lobster (Homarus americanus) fishery in the southern Gulf of St. Lawrence, Canada. To assess the effectiveness of this new measure, a tagging project was carried out between 2004 and 2007 in the Hillsborough Bay area with the collaboration of local harvesters. Based on a single mark‐recapture Petersen model, the estimated catch rates of WSF not carrying eggs under the abdomen in the study area varied between 40% and 53%. The catch‐per‐unit‐effort (animals per 100 traps) of both berried (egg‐bearing) and non‐berried WSF increased from 0.2 to 0.8 and 1.0 to 1.6, respectively, between 2004 and 2007. Based on the estimated number of non‐berried WSF in the population observed during the spring fishery between 2004 and 2007, the potential total egg production for WSF was estimated at 1.1 billion in the study area. From this total, 515 million eggs would have been produced by WSF directly protected by the conservation measure, i.e., females that would have been harvested if not for the new regulation. Finally, the contribution of berried WSF to the annual egg production in the study area increased from 4% to 23% between 2003 and 2007 based on the at‐sea sampling programme and the fecundity curve. WSF that represented 10% of the total berried female population in 2007 contributed 23% of the annual egg production. Hence, the protection of WSF seems to be an effective conservation measure to increase egg production based on the catch‐per‐unit‐effort and egg production.     

Fecundity of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) from the Waitaki and Rakaia Rivers,New Zealand

The fecundity of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) was estimated from maturing fish captured by anglers in the lower Waitaki River in 1985 and 1987–89, and from mature fish spawned at the Glenariffe Research Station on the Rakaia River in 1992. Fecundity was positively correlated with fork length (FL); estimated fecundities at 750 mm FL were 5024 eggs for Waitaki and 4829 eggs for Glenariffe salmon. The slopes of the regressions of fecundity on FL differed between the populations but the Glenariffe data did not differ from Rakaia River samples from 1967, 1973, and 1976. Significant inter‐annual variation in the FL‐fecundity relationship was detected in Waitaki River samples. Egg weights, taken from the Glenariffe samples, were positively correlated with length and averaged 0.17 g. However, salmon with high fecundity for their FL tended to have small eggs, and vice versa.     

What do egg size distributions in marine invertebrates tell us about validity of fecundity‐time models?

An early mathematical model of egg size evolution in marine invertebrates (American Naturalist, 1973a, 107 , 353) traded fecundity against development time and resulted in a U‐shaped optimality curve suggesting that only extremes of egg sizes should be evolutionary stable. It was later suggested that the model predicts a bimodal distribution of egg sizes and therefore can be tested by examining histograms of egg sizes. More recent fecundity‐time models (American Naturalist, 1997, 150 , 48; American Naturalist, 2000, 156 , 175) came up with predictions of intermediate optimal egg sizes; however, comparisons of optimality curves with histograms of egg sizes remained central to model testing. Here the question whether the bimodality assumption has any basis has been addressed theoretically. Simulation modeling and analysis show that egg size distributions generally do not match the optimality curves produced by fecundity‐time models and that the shape of predicted frequency distributions depends on both the optimality curve and other model parameters. Therefore, egg size frequency distributions alone cannot be used for model testing.     

Comparative reproductive biology of two southwestern Atlantic populations of the hermit crab Pagurus exilis (Crustacea: Anomura: Paguridae)

Pagurus exilis (Benedict, 1892) is an endemic South Atlantic hermit crab with a distribution ranging from Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil, to Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. The present study analyzed the reproduction of two populations at the extremes of this geographical distribution, and compared their reproductive period, fecundity, and changes in egg size and egg volume during the incubation period in order to assess the variability over this latitudinal range. Hermit crabs were collected monthly over a 2‐year period. In total, 108 females were analyzed for Brazil (44 non‐ovigerous and 64 ovigerous), and 141 for Argentina (87 non‐ovigerous and 54 ovigerous). Reproduction in Brazil occurs year‐round, with peaks in the fall and winter seasons; in Argentina reproduction occurs only in spring and summer. The Brazilian ovigerous females were significantly larger than the Argentina ones (Brazil: SL = 5.33 ± 1.45 mm; Argentina: SL = 4.15 ± 0.52 mm; P < 0.001). The fecundity was 1447 ± 831 eggs (317 to 2885) in Brazil and 987 ± 711 eggs (114 to 2665) in Argentina, with a trend towards higher fecundity in Brazil. Eggs in the Argentina population were larger than those in Brazil for all the three stages investigated, and no changes in egg volume were found during egg development for both populations. The reproductive traits of the two populations showed some important differences, which may reflect adaptations to local environmental conditions, demonstrating a high plasticity of reproductive features of the species in Brazilian and Argentine waters. The strategy adopted by the Argentina population involves a lower production of larger eggs compared to the population in Brazil; this lower production is associated with reproduction in cold‐water regions.     

Impact of minimum legal size increases on egg‐per‐recruit production,size structure,and ovigerous females in the American lobster (Homarus americanus) population off the Magdalen Islands (Quebec,Canada): A case study

In the mid 1990s, American lobster (Homarus americanus) from Canadian waters was considered overfished based on estimated levels of egg‐per‐recruit production (EPR). In 1997, the Department of Fisheries Oceans responded by adopting a goal of doubling the level of EPR from its 1996 level. In the Magdalen Islands (Quebec), results from a simulation model indicated that doubling EPR could be reached by increasing the minimum legal size (MLS) from 76 mm to 83 mm carapace length. This was done at a pace of 1 mm per year from 1997 to 2003. Following the increase of MLS, the size structure, mean size, and the abundance of ovigerous females improved significantly in the catches. However, levels of fishing effort are still very high. This could cause undesirable effects such as altering sex ratios and size structure of males, which could lead to sperm limitation, and reducing the contribution of multiple spawners to egg production, which could become an issue if egg quality is important. Consideration of these issues leads to the recommendation of a multidimensional approach to lobster conservation.     

南海东岛湖泊沉积物中的生态环境记录

东岛牛塘为目前在西沙群岛少见的淡水湖泊,发育保存完好的沉积物。文章通过对一根长126cm的沉积柱开展多方面的沉积学分析,包括沉积物的岩性特征,反映碳酸盐含量的白度、CaO和LOI950℃以及反映有机质含量的TOC,TN,TS和LOI550℃等地球化学指标随深度的变化特征,沉积物和环境介质的碳、氮同位素的对比分析,沉积物的稀土元素和Sr,F,P,Se等元素地球化学特征。结果认为:该湖泊沉积剖面自上而下可分成3个具有明显不同沉积学特征的沉积单元,其中25～96cm的沉积层明显地受到了海鸟粪的影响。识别出的海鸟粪土沉积层,为进一步研究历史时期岛屿鸟类生态系统和气候演化提供了良好的信息载体。     

天台盆地恐龙蛋化石结构和组分研究

采用扫描电镜、电子探针和Ｘ射线粉末衍射分析技术,研究了浙江天台盆地ＴＢ－１恐龙蛋化石的结构和组分。初步了解这个含似蛋白和蛋黄的恐龙蛋化石的结构和组分为;含铁钛的硅酸盐矿物售合体（蛋壳表层）、灰褐色方解石（蛋壳内层）、浅米黄色方解石（壳内矿物层）、白色石膏（腔内似蛋白矿物）和米黄色萤石（腔内似蛋黄矿物）。     

吉林省公主岭早白垩世泉头缍网形蛋（Dictyoolithus）一新科

报道了吉林省公主岭早白垩世泉头组发现的一窝恐龙蛋化石。蛋化石近圆形，蛋壳厚度1．4～1．7mm，蛋壳外表面均匀分布椭圆形或圆形大小不一的凹坑；蛋壳层由2、3个呈分树枝状的基本结构单元叠加而成，蛋壳基本单元之间气孔道阔大而不规则，靠近蛋壳外表面的基本结构单元相互连姑、融合形成一层相对致密的薄层。据以上特征将其归为网形蛋科（Dictyoolithidae），网形蛋属（Dictyoolithus），定为一新种：公主岭网形蛋（Dictyoolithus gongzhulingensis oosp.nov）。公主岭网形蛋是网形蛋类化石在中国东北地区的首次发现，同时也是早白垩世地层中网形蛋化石新的发现。