Palaeotemperatures and Diagenetic Phases of the Upper Triassic Oil-bearing Sandstones in the Eastern Part of the Ordos Basin

The maximum palaeotemperature of oil-bearing sandstones in the UpperTriassic in the eastern Ordos basin has been determined by using many methods including thevitrinite reflectance, fluid inclusion, apatite fission track, illite crystallinity, chlorite polytypeand diagenetic change of authigenic minerals. The thermal gradient in the Late Mesozoic wasabout 2.9-3.0℃/100m. The Upper Triassic was in a mature stage of organic matter andhydrocarbon began to be generated and migrated during this period. The palaeotemperatures ofoil-bearing sandstones were in the range of 88-110℃; those for the generation and migrationof oil ranged from 112 to 122℃. The thickness of the denuded strata overlying the UpperTriassic was 2465-2750m. The present burial depth of oil-bearing sandstones is generally from400 to 1200m. At a depth of ca. 1900m, the temperature may reach 140℃. Below this depth,organic matter was supermature and mainly generated gas.     

塔中地区上泥盆统东河砂岩和志留系砂岩的锆石特征、SHRIMP U-Pb年龄及地质意义

对塔中地区中1井等6口探井的东河砂岩和志留系砂岩中的25件重砂矿物中的锆石进行了一般特征分析,并选择了9件样品中的1666个单颗粒锆石进行了内部特征和72次微区U-Pb同位素测龄研究.研究表明:塔中东河砂岩中的锆石一般具有较高的磨圆度、相对高比例的岩浆岩来源和稳定的再循环沉积来源特征,反映了较高成熟度和较稳定构造-沉积环境;志留系下砂岩中的锆石来源差异较大,除了再循环沉积岩和岩浆岩来源外,还有变质岩锆石,但它又不具有典型变质锆石的Th/U含量的特征,有二种可能性:一是岩浆型锆石形成后经历了重结晶作用;二是原岩锆石受岩浆或岩浆期后热液影响.锆石的地质年代主要分为:(1)太古宙-古元古代(1.8Ga、2.2Ga和2.6Ga);(2)中新元古代(0.84Ga)和(3)早古生代(477～439.8Ma、431.6～421.1Ma).上述锆石原岩形成时代及其环境可能是一系列的大陆构造动力学事件的时代响应.     

Depositional and Diagenetic Controls on Pore Structure of Tight Gas Sandstone Reservoirs: Evidence from Lower Cretaceous Bashijiqike Formation in Kelasu Thrust Belts,Kuqa Depression in Tarim Basin of West China

Deeply buried Lower Cretaceous Bashijiqike sandstones are important gas exploration targets in the Kelasu thrust belt, Kuqa Depression of Tarim Basin in China. The sandstones are characterized by low porosity, low permeability and strong microscopic heterogeneity due to diagenesis during their geologic history. Mineralogical, petrographic, and geochemical analyses combined with high‐pressure mercury injection analysis have been used to investigate the diagenesis, diagenetic minerals, and their impact on reservoir quality. This article addresses the controls exerted by depositional parameters and diagenetic modifications on pore‐network characteristics (porosity, pore types, sizes, shapes, and distribution), with the aim to unravel the formation mechanisms of this complex pore structures, and to improve the characterization and classification evaluation for the Bashijiqike sandstone reservoirs. The Bashijiqike sandstones are dominated by lithic arkoses and feldspathic litharenite. The pore system consists of intergranular macropores, intergranular micropores, and intragranular pores. Framework grains are generally heavily compacted. Authigenic quartz, authigenic feldspar, clay minerals and carbonates are the major pore‐filling constituents. The pore structure is characterized by small pore radius and poor interconnectivity. Entry pressure reflects the microscopic pore network and macroscopic reservoir property characteristics. Pore structure characteristics are linked to the depositional parameters, type and degree of diagenesis. Clays do not control reservoir pore networks alone, and pores and pore throats are wider in coarser grained sandstones. Entry pressure decreases with the content of the rigid quartz. Compaction and cementation continue to decrease the pore‐throat size, while dissolution enlarges pores and pore‐throats radius. Considerable amounts of microporosity associated with clay minerals and altered grains contribute to the high entry pressure. Comprehensive Coefficient of Diagenesis (CCD), which considers the integrative effect of diagenesis, shows strong statistical correlations with entry pressure. CCD is an integrative modulus of diagenesis and physical property, and generally the higher the values are, the better the pore structure. It is suitable for quantitatively characterizing pore structure in tight gas sandstones. The results of this work can help assess pore‐network characteristics like the Bashijiqike sandstones which had experienced strong diagenetic modifications during their geological history.     

基于星点状方解石胶结与溶解的识别查明砂岩粒间孔隙类型——以雅布赖盆地新河组砂岩为例

目前含油气砂岩中粒间孔隙是原生孔隙还是次生孔隙的认识仍不一致,而对星点状方解石胶结与溶解的识别能够有效地查明粒间孔隙的类型。文章通过铸体薄片细致地观察雅布赖盆地新河组砂岩中的微观现象,以成岩环境演化和成岩序列分析为主线,重视方解石胶结物的赋存状态与物质来源和溶蚀流体来源的配置关系,精细解剖微观现象,从而弄清楚星点状方解石的成因,进而查明砂岩的粒间孔隙类型和储集空间类型。结果表明,粒间孔隙中的星点状方解石是成岩早期浸染状方解石胶结物的溶蚀残余,溶蚀流体为成岩中期的有机酸流体,溶蚀类型为一致性溶解,形成的粒间孔隙为次生孔隙。鉴于此,雅布赖盆地新河组砂岩的储集空间由次生粒间孔隙和次生粒内孔隙（长石、岩屑、方解石胶结物的溶蚀孔隙）组成。      

江南造山带形成过程中若干新元古代地质事件

报道了江南造山带( 中-) 西段在“俯冲造山阶段”形成的科马提质玄武岩、石英角斑岩、流纹质凝灰岩及“后造山伸展阶段”形成的两类基性岩的特征,研究表明,科马提质玄武岩是形成于岛弧环境的高MgO 玄武岩。高的Ni 和Cr含量说明它们为来自弧下地幔的原始岩浆,较高的MgO 显示这些高MgO 玄武岩浆是在相对较干的条件下从地幔源区分离的。“后造山伸展阶段”形成的两种基性岩分别来自软流圈和岩石圈地幔,具有不同的地球化学特征。基底地层中砂岩的碎屑锆石及夹层中基性—酸性火山岩的锆石U-Pb 定年表明,在扬子板块东南缘,新元古代岛弧岩浆活动的时间约为878~822 Ma,岛弧地区陆源碎屑的沉积作用发生在872~835 Ma 期间,表明存在同时代的（coeval）“岛弧岩浆作用”和“沉积作用”。     

CO2流体对含片钠铝石砂岩改造作用的实验研究

不同温度（100℃,200℃和300℃）下CO_{2流体对含片钠铝石砂岩的改造作用研究显示:随着温度的升高,砂岩的溶蚀、溶解程度逐渐增强,样品中片钠铝石的稳定性逐渐减弱。同时,各温度下样品表面均有一水软铝石放射状集合体沉淀。200℃时,随着片钠铝石的溶解有自生菱铁矿生成,300℃时样品局部有绿泥石沉淀。100℃下片钠铝石的微弱溶解及200℃下菱铁矿的形成表明,在地层条件下以碳酸盐矿物形式捕获的CO2,不会由于CO2的二次注入而重新释放。}     

内蒙古察哈尔右翼中旗红谷地貌

随着社会的进步,人们更深地爱上了大自然鬼斧神工雕塑出来的地质景观.鉴别、发现、建设地质公园是地质工作者的一项重要责任,它增加了地质学的内涵.在乌兰察布市地质公园的建设中,笔者等深入偏远山区调查,发现了一片没有被报道的由红色沉积岩和山谷构成的地貌,可作为当地旅游经济发展的一个新亮点.     

Reservoir characterization of Scollard-age fluvial sandstones,Alberta foredeep

A detailed laboratory study of 53 sandstone samples from 23 outcrops and 156 conventional core samples from the Maastrichtian-Paleocene Scollard-age fluvial strata in the Western Canada foredeep was undertaken to investigate the reservoir characteristics and to determine the effect of diagenesis on reservoir quality. The sandstones are predominantly litharenites and sublitharenites, which accumulated in a variety of fluvial environments. The porosity of the sandstones is both syn-depositional and diagenetic in origin. Laboratory analyses indicate that porosity in sandstones from outcrop samples with less than 5% calcite cement averages 14%, with a mean permeability of 16 mD. In contrast, sandstones with greater than 5% calcite cement average 7.9% porosity, with a mean permeability of 6.17 mD. The core porosity averages 17% with 41 mD permeability. Cementation coupled with compaction had an important effect in the destruction of porosity after sedimentation and burial. The reservoir quality of sandstones is also severely reduced where the pore-lining clays are abundant (>15%). The potential of a sandstone to serve as a reservoir for producible hydrocarbons is strongly related to the sandstone’s diagenetic history. Three diagenetic stages are identified: eodiagenesis before effective burial, mesodiagenesis during burial, and telodiagenesis during exposure after burial. Eodiagenesis resulted in mechanical compaction, calcite cementation, kaolinite and smectite formation, and dissolution of chemically unstable grains. Mesodiagenesis resulted in chemical compaction, precipitation of calcite cement, quartz overgrowths, and the formation of authigenic clays such as chlorite, dickite, and illite. Finally, telodiagenesis seems to have had less effect on reservoir properties, even though it resulted in the precipitation of some kaolinite and the partial dissolution of feldspar.     

含片钠铝石砂岩与地层水相互作用实验

不同温度(100℃、150℃和200℃)地层水对含片钠铝石砂岩的改造作用研究显示,随着温度升高,砂岩的溶解程度逐渐增强,样品中片钠铝石的稳定性逐渐减弱。在片钠铝石溶解的同时,200℃时样品表面有高钠长石和绿泥石生成,且通过X-射线衍射分析发现,在150℃和200℃时有某种未知的碳酸盐矿物生成,生成量随温度升高而增大。100℃时片钠铝石的微弱溶解及150℃和200℃时碳酸盐矿物的生成表明,在地层条件下以片钠铝石等碳酸盐矿物形式捕获的CO2能够稳定存在。     

Diagenesis and reservoir quality analysis in the Lower Cretaceous Qishn sandstones from Masila oilfields in the Sayun–Masila Basin,eastern Yemen

Lower Cretaceous sandstones of the Qishn Formation have been studied by integrating sedimentological, petrological and petrophysical analyses from wells in the Masila oilfields of eastern Yemen. These analyses were used to define the origin, type of diagenesis and its relation to reservoir quality. The sandstones of the Qishn Formation are predominately quartz arenite to subarkose arenite with sublitharenite and quartz wackes displaying a range of porosities, averaging 22.33%. Permeability is likewise variable with an average of 2844.2 mD. Cementation coupled with compaction had an important effect on porosity destruction after sedimentation and burial. The widespread occurrence of early calcite cement suggests that the sandstones of the Qishn Formation lost significant primary porosity at an early stage of its diagenetic history. In addition to poikilotopic calcite, several different cements including kaolinite, illite, chlorite and minor illite–smectite occur as pore‐filling and pore‐lining cements, which were either accompanied by or followed the development of the early calcite cement. Secondary porosity development occurred due to partial to complete dissolution of early calcite cements and feldspar grains. The new data presented in this paper suggest the reservoir quality of Qishn sandstones is strongly linked to their diagenetic history; hence, the reservoir quality is reduced by clay minerals, calcite and silica cements but is enhanced by the dissolution of the unstable grains, in addition to partial or complete dissolution of calcite cements and unstable grains. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.