江西石城国家地质公园龟裂地貌特征及成因分析

江西石城国家地质公园的龟裂地貌主要产于晚白垩世河口组红色砂岩中,造型奇特、多样,形成许多象形景观,如龟寿石、松果石、鳄鱼石、仙人犁田等,引人注目。但是,对这些龟裂地貌的微观研究不足,导致对其成因的解释比较模糊。本次在野外用罗盘测量裂隙走向,同时采集砂岩样品进行偏光显微镜和扫描电子显微镜实验观察,分析龟裂地貌形成的原因。野外观察发现,龟裂地貌主要发育在颗粒相对均匀的厚层细粒砂岩中,可产在砂岩层面或其它暴露面上,向下延伸一般不超过15 cm。在偏光显微镜下,砂岩样品的碎屑颗粒主要为次棱角状-次圆状,分选性较好,填隙物中含有方解石胶结物。在扫描电镜下,颗粒胶结疏松,颗粒表面的溶蚀小孔和裂隙比较常见。结合国内外类似研究,本文认为岩性是龟裂地貌发育的基本要素,裂隙走向的玫瑰花图显示,断裂构造控制了一部分龟裂的形成,但并不是唯一的原因。在风化作用过程中,由于硅、铁、锰氧化物沉淀而在砂岩表层形成薄层结壳,后由于应力拉张使结壳破裂,形成细小的裂隙,流水沿着裂隙侵蚀使其扩大,最终形成龟裂地貌。最后,提出龟裂地貌的四个阶段演化模式。     

构造对砂岩孔隙演化的控制--以塔里木中部地区东河砂岩为例

塔里木中部地区东河砂岩孔隙大多为原生和次生混合孔隙,次生孔隙的形成与该区南、北两侧坳陷烃源岩成熟排出的酸性水有关,孔隙(包括原生的和次生的)在演化过程中始终受构造作用的控制:早期构造运动形成的塔中Ⅰ号断裂是酸性水从烃源岩注入储集岩的重要通道;古构造格局与演化控制了酸性流体运移路径和方向,最终控制了溶蚀作用和次生孔隙的分布位置;长期继承性的构造高部位比在短时期的构造高部位溶蚀发育物性好;构造高部位捕获烃类致使(原生或次生)孔隙保存下来。后期构造作用破坏油藏,烃类泄漏散失,孔隙重新释放,被晚期碳酸盐胶结而消失。构造在孔隙的形成、保存和消失这一演化过程中始终起着控制作用。     

新疆库鲁克塔格南华系砂岩碎屑组成对其物源及盆地演化的指示

库鲁克塔格南华系记录了塔里木北缘同期的火山-沉积事件和蚀源区物质组成及演化的信息。该区不同剖面内南华系各组砂岩碎屑组分的统计分析显示,贝义西组砂岩在不同剖面内组成差异显著:西山口剖面以岩屑砂岩为主,且岩屑为火山岩岩屑与沉积岩岩屑,物源为再旋回地层,而依格孜塔格剖面以长石砂岩和岩屑长石砂岩为主,岩屑主要为变质岩岩屑,物源为下伏古元古代高级变质岩。砂岩碎屑组成在剖面上垂向的变化表明贝义西组沉积期与照壁山组沉积期间（725 Ma±）存在一个沉积转型事件,导致贝义西组之上的照壁山组、阿勒通沟组及特瑞艾肯组砂岩组成在不同区域趋于一致,转变为代表基底隆起-过渡大陆区物源的典型“长石砂岩”。南华系砂岩碎屑组成与大陆裂谷盆地沉积砂岩相似,且物源区存在由前裂谷地层-过渡裂谷肩部-切割裂谷肩部-克拉通内部的连续演化过程,是库满凹陷早期裂解的岩相学记录。     

甘肃张掖地区白垩系风成砂岩沉积序列! 祁连山白垩纪隆升的沉积学响应

白垩纪祁连山隆升过程及其沉积学响应的研究,对认识青藏高原的形成及其环境效应具有重要意义。受控于祁连山隆升过程的甘肃张掖地区下白垩统,包括赤金堡组、下沟组和中沟组,其基本特征是：（1）分布局限而且厚度上千米的赤金堡组,主要由旋回性发育的“冲积扇（或洪积扇—辫状河—滨湖相风成沙丘”序列所组成,形成一种反映了“雨影效应”的粗碎屑岩序列;（2）下沟组总体为一套红层沉积,在盆地边缘发育更多的风成沙丘,可能代表了与祁连山更加快速隆升相对应的更加强烈的“雨影效应”时期的产物;（3）中沟组,从冲积体系演变为一个分布广泛的湖泊沉积体系,总体上属于潮湿气候背景下未受到“雨影效应”影响的产物,与祁连山均衡抬升存在成因联系;（4）研究区上白垩统总体缺失,可能与祁连山的卸载过程产生的山前地壳均衡反弹存在关联。因此,从赤金堡组到下沟组的风成砂岩序列、特殊的沉积相构成及其演化序列,不但成为窥视早白垩世祁连山隆升过程的物质记录,而且为早白垩世东亚大气环流格局的重建提供了另外一个重要的物质记录。     

Stone pillar rockfall in Danxia landform area,Mt. Langshan,Hunan Province,China

A typical Danxia stone pillar, Leipishi I, in the World Natural Heritage site at Mt. Langshan, China, collapsed on 2 November 2009. To understand the mechanism controlling this rockfall event, uniaxial compressive strength, tensile strength, resistance against sulfuric acid, and freezing and thawing properties were analyzed from 44 sandstone and conglomerate cores collected from the Lanlong Formation, the only exposed formation on Mt. Langshan. In addition, four rock slices were created for analysis under a polarizing microscope. A detailed reconstruction of the geometry and restraint conditions of the stone pillar in place before the rockfall occurred permitted an estimation of the stress state before collapse using 3D finite-element code. The results show that the rapid retreat of soft, intercalated rock layers due to weathering can profoundly change the stress state within the rock body, causing compressive or tensile stresses to rise above compressive or tensile strengths in specific sections of a rock body, and causing partial or complete collapse.     

Joint elastic‐electrical effective medium models of reservoir sandstones

Improvements in the joint inversion of seismic and marine controlled source electromagnetic data sets will require better constrained models of the joint elastic‐electrical properties of reservoir rocks. Various effective medium models were compared to a novel laboratory data set of elastic velocity and electrical resistivity (obtained on 67 reservoir sandstone samples saturated with 35 g/l brine at a differential pressure of 8 MPa) with mixed results. Hence, we developed a new three‐phase effective medium model for sandstones with pore‐filling clay minerals based on the combined self‐consistent approximation and differential effective medium model. We found that using a critical porosity of 0.5 and an aspect ratio of 1 for all three components, the proposed model gave accurate model predictions of the observed magnitudes of P‐wave velocity and electrical resistivity and of the divergent trends of clean and clay‐rich sandstones at higher porosities. Using only a few well‐constrained input parameters, the new model offers a practical way to predict in situ porosity and clay content in brine saturated sandstones from co‐located P‐wave velocity and electrical resistivity data sets.     

饱和储层砂岩中流体粘度引起的超声波速度频散实验研究(英文)

在实验室对5块储层砂岩进行了模拟地层压力条件下的超声波速度测试。砂岩样品采自WXS凹陷的W地层,覆盖了从低到高的孔隙度和渗透率范围。实验选用了卤水和4种不同密度油作为孔隙流体,结合温度变化,实现了对流体粘度引致的速度频散研究。对实验结果的分析表明:(1)对于高孔隙度和渗透率的样品,无论是哪种流体饱和,观察到的超声波速度测试值和零频率Gassmann预测值的差异较小(约2-3%),基本上可以用Biot模型解释;对于中等孔隙度和渗透率的样品,低粘度流体(<约3mP?S)的频散效应也可以用Biot模型得到合理解释;(2)对于低、中孔隙度和渗透率样品,当流体粘度增加时,喷射流机制起主导作用,导致严重的速度频散(可达8%)。对储层砂岩的微裂隙纵横比进行了估计并用于喷射流特征频率的计算,当高于该特征频率时,Gassmann理论的假设条件受到破坏,实验室测得的高频速度不能直接用于地震低频条件下的W地层砂岩的Gassmann流体替换研究。     

遥感图像上韧性剪切带的信息提取及解译标志

以南天山东段铜花山—榆树沟地区为例,通过小波包图像处理分析,结合野外实地验证,认为小波包处理后的遥感图像上,韧性剪切带具有独特的影像特征。剪切带两侧的纹理在形状、粗细、延伸方向和弯曲类型上均表现为明显的不一致。剪切带本身表现为负影像特征及细腻、均匀和密集的定向纹理。大小不同的透镜体被密集纹理组成的强应变带环绕。剪切带穿越早期褶皱时,出现新月形、花朵形、鳄鱼嘴形和辫子形等多种复杂的叠加褶皱形态。根据剪切带两侧的影纹结构可以判断剪切带的运动方向。     

Quantitative impact of diagenesis on reservoir quality of the Triassic Chang 6 tight oil sandstones,Zhenjing area,Ordos Basin,China

The Upper Triassic Chang 6 sandstone, an important exploration target in the Ordos Basin, is a typical tight oil reservoir. Reservoir quality is a critical factor for tight oil exploration. Based on thin sections, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), stable isotopes, and fluid inclusions, the diagenetic processes and their impact on the reservoir quality of the Chang 6 sandstones in the Zhenjing area were quantitatively analysed. The initial porosity of the Chang 6 sandstones is 39.2%, as calculated from point counting and grain size analysis. Mechanical and chemical compaction are the dominant processes for the destruction of pore spaces, leading to a porosity reduction of 14.2%–20.2% during progressive burial. The porosity continually decreased from 4.3% to 12.4% due to carbonate cementation, quartz overgrowth and clay mineral precipitation. Diagenetic processes were influenced by grain size, sorting and mineral compositions. Evaluation of petrographic observations indicates that different extents of compaction and calcite cementation are responsible for the formation of high-porosity and low-porosity reservoirs. Secondary porosity formed due to the burial dissolution of feldspar, rock fragments and laumontite in the Chang 6 sandstones. However, in a relatively closed geochemical system, products of dissolution cannot be transported away over a long distance. As a result, they precipitated in nearby pores and pore throats. In addition, quantitative calculations showed that the dissolution and associated precipitation of products of dissolution were nearly balanced. Consequently, the total porosity of the Chang 6 sandstones increased slightly due to burial dissolution, but the permeability decreased significantly because of the occlusion of pore throats by the dissolution-associated precipitation of authigenic minerals. Therefore, the limited increase in net-porosity from dissolution, combined with intense compaction and cementation, account for the low permeability and strong heterogeneity in the Chang 6 sandstones in the Zhenjing area.     

Palaeotemperatures and Diagenetic Phases of the Upper Triassic Oil-bearing Sandstones in the Eastern Part of the Ordos Basin

The maximum palaeotemperature of oil-bearing sandstones in the UpperTriassic in the eastern Ordos basin has been determined by using many methods including thevitrinite reflectance, fluid inclusion, apatite fission track, illite crystallinity, chlorite polytypeand diagenetic change of authigenic minerals. The thermal gradient in the Late Mesozoic wasabout 2.9-3.0℃/100m. The Upper Triassic was in a mature stage of organic matter andhydrocarbon began to be generated and migrated during this period. The palaeotemperatures ofoil-bearing sandstones were in the range of 88-110℃; those for the generation and migrationof oil ranged from 112 to 122℃. The thickness of the denuded strata overlying the UpperTriassic was 2465-2750m. The present burial depth of oil-bearing sandstones is generally from400 to 1200m. At a depth of ca. 1900m, the temperature may reach 140℃. Below this depth,organic matter was supermature and mainly generated gas.