渤中凹陷西斜坡东营组储层特征及其控制因素

通过岩心、薄片、扫描电镜等资料,对渤中凹陷西斜坡东营组储层进行了详细的研究。结果表明,该研究区东营组储集砂体主要以长石砂岩、岩屑长石砂岩为主,含少量长石岩屑砂岩。孔隙类型主要包括粒间孔隙、粒内溶蚀孔隙以及微裂缝,为中孔-中低渗储层。储层的发育程度对油气成藏具有重要的控制作用。沉积作用宏观上控制储层的发育;成岩作用在微观上影响储层内部结构的变化;深层的超压作用对次生孔隙的保护起着重要的作用,但过大的地层压力对储层的物性也会带来不利的影响。     

动态冲击下锦屏大理岩力学响应与能量特性

【目的】研究不同加载速率下岩石破裂演化规律及能量利用效率是岩石破碎加工领域亟待解决的问题。【方法】基于室内试验进行青砂岩细观参数标定,建立青砂岩宏−细观力学响应关系,采用颗粒流程序,研究不同加载速率下青砂岩应力−应变曲线与应力链分布特征,从破裂特征与裂纹特点方面分析青砂岩的破裂演化规律,并分析青砂岩破裂过程中的能量利用效率。【结果和结论】结果表明：(1)青砂岩在破裂过程中,应力−应变曲线表现为峰前线弹性、峰前塑性变形和峰后逐步失稳阶段,拉力链导致青砂岩裂纹扩展,最终破裂是压力和拉力链相互作用的结果。(2)不同加载速率下,青砂岩破裂可分为剪切破裂、贯穿破裂及混合多级破裂阶段,剪切与贯穿破裂阶段是剪切力起主要作用,而混合多级破裂是拉伸力主导的破裂模式。拉伸裂纹在破裂过程中起主导作用,生成速率明显高于剪切裂纹,总裂纹生成速率达2 400.81 m/s。(3)青砂岩断裂能的演化可分为缓慢增加、急剧增大与趋于稳定阶段,在加载速率为0.05 m/s时,最大能量利用效率为0.088%。研究结果不仅从细观层面对岩石破裂演化规律及能量利用效率进行了初步探索,也可为岩石破碎过程中工艺参数的合理选择提供指导。

     

泌阳凹陷下二门油田三角洲前缘短期基准面旋回构成样式及砂体成因

基于高分辨率层序地层学短期基准面旋回原理,通过岩心和测井曲线分析,对泌阳凹陷下二门油田核二段辫状河三角洲前缘储层砂体成因进行了研究,识别出了3 种类型7 种亚类型的短期基准面旋回结构,3种类型分别为向上变深的非对称型(A型)、向上变浅的非对称型(B型)和对称型(C型);依据短期基准面旋回结构类型及其叠加样式,7种亚类型分别对应削截式水下分流河道砂体、完整式水下分流河道砂体、叠加式河口坝砂体、河口坝-远砂坝组合砂体、河上坝砂体(C1)、河上坝砂体(C2)和坝上河砂体.研究表明,基准面升降和可容纳空间与沉积物通量比值(A/S)控制着不同成因砂体的分布.建立了泌阳凹陷下二门油田辫状河三角洲前缘储层砂体的成因分布模式.     

米仓山构造带下寒武统筇竹寺组砂岩球状风化特征及成因机制

球状风化发育类型广泛,并且与人们的生产生活息息相关,但是人们对球状风化的研究却相对较少.为进一步研究其发育特征和形成机制,笔者通过薄片鉴定、扫描电镜、X-射线衍射、主量及微量元素分析等实验手段对米仓山构造带下寒武统筇竹寺组砂岩球状风化发育特征及成因机制开展了系统研究.研究表明,米仓山构造带下寒武统筇竹寺组砂岩的球状风化...     

The genesis of sandstone‐type uranium deposits in the Ordos Basin,NW China: constraints provided by fluid inclusions and stable isotopes

Quartz from sandstone‐type uranium deposits in the east part of the Ordos Basin contains abundant secondary fluid inclusions hosted along sealed fractures or in overgrowths. These inclusions consist mainly of water with NaCl, KCl, CO₂ (135–913 ppm) and trace amounts of CO (0.22–16.8 ppm), CH₄ (0.10–1.38 ppm) and [SO₄]^2? (0.35–111 ppm). Homogenization temperatures of the studied fluid inclusions range from 90 to 210°C, with salinities varying from 0.35 to 12.6 wt‐% (converted to NaCl wt%), implying multiple stages of thermal alteration. Although high U is associated with a high homogenization temperature in one case, overall U mineralization is not correlated with homogenization temperature nor with salinity. The H and O isotopic compositions of fluid inclusions show typical characteristics of formation water, with δ¹⁸O ranging from 9.8 to 12.3‰ and δD from 26.9 to ?48.6‰, indicating that these fluid inclusions are mixtures of magmatic and meteoric waters. The oxygen isotope ratios of carbonates in cement are systematically higher than those of the fluid inclusions. Limited fluid inclusion‐cement pairs show that the oxygen closely approaches equilibrium between water and aragonite at 150°C. Highly varied and overall negative δ¹³C in calcite from cement implies different degrees of biogenetic carbon involvement. Correlations between U in bulk rocks and trace components in fluid inclusions are lacking; however, high U contents are typically coupled with high [SO₄]^2?, implying pre‐enrichment of oxidized materials in the U mineralization layer. All these relationships can be plausibly interpreted to indicate that U (IV), [SO₄]^2? as well as Na, K were washed out from the overlying thick sandstone by oxidizing meteoric water, and then were reduced by reducing agents, such as CH₄ and petroleum, likely from underlying coal and petroleum deposits, and possibly also in situ microbes at low temperatures.     

Sedimentological–ichnological model for tide‐dominated shelf sandbodies: Lower Cambrian Gog Group of western Canada

Dunes and bars are common elements in tide‐dominated shelf settings. However, there is no consensus on a unifying terminology or a systematic classification for thick sets of cross‐stratified sandstones. In addition, their ichnological attributes have hardly been explored. To address these issues, the properties, architecture and ichnology of compound cross‐stratified sandstone bodies contained in the Lower Cambrian Gog Group of the southern Canadian Rocky Mountains are described here. In these transgressive sandstones, five types of compound cross‐stratified sandstone are distinguished based on foreset geometry, sedimentary structures and internal heterogeneity. These represent four broad categories of subtidal sandbodies: (i) compound‐dune fields; (ii) sand sheets; (iii) sand ridges; and (iv) isolated dune patches; tidal bars comprise a fifth category but are not present in the Gog Group. Compound‐dune fields are characterized by sigmoidal and planar cross‐stratified sandstone in coarsening‐upward and thickening‐upward packages (Type 1); these are mostly unburrowed, or locally contain representatives of the Skolithos ichnofacies, but are intercalated with intensely bioturbated sandstone containing the archetypal Cruziana ichnofacies. Sand‐sheet complexes, also composed of compound dunes, cover more extensive subtidal areas, and comprise three adjacent subenvironments: core, front and margin. The core is characterized by thick‐bedded sets of cross‐stratified sandstone (Type 2). A decrease of bedform size at the front is recorded by wedges of thinner‐bedded, low‐angle and planar cross‐stratified sandstone (Type 3) exhibiting dense Skolithos pipe‐rock ichnofabric. The margin is characterized by interbedded sandstone and mudstone, and hummocky cross‐stratified sandstone. Sand‐sheet deposits exhibit clear trends in trace‐fossil distribution along the sediment transport path, from non‐bioturbated beds in the core to Skolithos ichnofacies at the front, and a depauperate Cruziana ichnofacies at the margin. Tidal sand ridges are large elongate sandbodies characterized by large sigmoid‐shaped reactivation surfaces (Type 4). Sand ridges display clear ichnological trends perpendicular to the axis of the ridge, with no bioturbation or a poorly developed Skolithos ichnofacies in the core, a depauperate Cruziana ichnofacies in lee‐side deposits, and Cruziana ichnofacies at the margin. While both tidal ridges and tidal bars migrate by means of lateral accretion, the latter occur in association with channels while the former do not. Because tidal bars tend to occur in brackish‐water marginal‐marine settings, their ichnofauna are typically of low diversity, representing a depauperate Cruziana ichnofacies. Isolated dune patches developed on sand‐starved areas of the shelf, and are represented by lenticular sandbodies with sigmoidal reactivation surfaces (Type 5); they typically lack trace fossils, but the interfingering muddy deposits are intensely bioturbated by a high‐diversity fauna recording the Cruziana ichnofacies. The variety of sandbody types in the Gog Group reflects varying sediment supply and location on the inner continental shelf. These, in turn, governed substrate mobility, grain size, turbidity, water‐column productivity and sediment organic matter which controlled trace fossil distribution.     

Sharp‐based marine sandstone bodies in the Mulichinco Formation (Lower Cretaceous), Neuquén Basin,Argentina: remnants of transgressive offshore sand ridges

The interpretation of sharp‐based shallow‐marine sandstone bodies encased in offshore mudstones, particularly transgressive units, has been a subject of recent debate. This contribution provides a multiple‐dataset approach and new identification criteria which could help in the recognition of transgressive offshore sandstone bodies worldwide. This study integrates sedimentology, ichnology, taphonomy and palaeoecology of Mulichinco Formation strata in the central Neuquén Basin (Argentina) in order to describe and interpret sharp‐based sandstone bodies developed in ramp‐type marine settings. These bodies are sandwiched between finer‐grained siliciclastics beneath and thin carbonates above. The underlying sediments comprise progradational successions from offshore mudstones to offshore transition muddy sandstones, grading occasionally into lower shoreface sandstones. The surfaces capping the regressive siliciclastics are flat and regionally extensive, and are demarcated by skeletal concentrations and a Glossifungites suite; they are also marked by sandstone rip‐up clasts, with encrustations and borings on all sides. These surfaces are interpreted as composite discontinuities, cut during a relative sea‐level fall and remodelled during the initial transgression. The overlying transgressive sandstone bodies are 3 to 7 m thick, >4 km long and about three times longer than wide; they are composed of fine‐grained sandstones with little lateral change in grain size. Cross‐stratification and/or cross‐lamination are common, typically with smaller‐scale structures and finer grain size towards the top. Large‐scale, low‐angle (5° to 8°) inclined stratification is also common, dipping at ca 30° with respect to body elongation and dominant currents. These sandstone bodies are interpreted as offshore sand ridges, probably developed under the influence of tidal currents. Intense burrowing is typical at the top of each unit, suggesting an abandonment stage. Final deactivation favoured colonization by epibenthic‐dominated communities and the formation of skeletal‐rich limestones during the latest transgressive conditions. As partial reworking of pre‐existing ridges occurred during this stage, the Mulichinco sandstone bodies are considered the remnants of transgressive offshore sand units.     

浙江安吉坞山关杂岩体岩相学和岩石地球化学特征及岩石成因

位于钦—杭成矿带东段北缘的浙江安吉多金属矿区发育侵位序列复杂的坞山关杂岩体及与其有关的蚀变和矿化.为了探讨区内岩浆岩与成矿的关系,在野外调查的基础上,文章对该杂岩体的岩相学、岩石地球化学开展了研究,并籍此对其成因类型、源区特征进行了探讨.坞山关杂岩体由黑云母二长花岗岩、花岗闪长岩和正长花岗岩组成,前者具富碱、高钾特征,属准铝质-钾玄岩系列,花岗闪长岩具高钾特征,属准铝质-高钾钙碱性系列,正长花岗岩具高硅、低钙、贫镁、高FeO/MgO值、富碱特征,属准铝-弱过铝质钾玄岩系列.该杂岩体的∑REE为(123.5～216.47)×10-6,稀土元素配分型式呈明显的右倾轻稀土元素富集型,Eu呈不同程度的负异常.微量元素蛛网图中,各岩石单元大离子亲石元素(尤其是Rb、Th、K)明显富集,Ba、Sr负异常明显,相对亏损高场强元素Nb、Ti、P.该杂岩体成矿元素ω(Mo)、ω(W)明显高于克拉克值,暗示其具有提供成矿物质的潜力.黑云母二长花岗岩为分异Ⅰ型花岗岩,花岗闪长岩属Ⅰ型花岗岩,正长花岗岩具有A型花岗岩的多数特征,但从杂岩体各岩石单元的成岩年龄相差不大、具地球化学亲缘性以及A型花岗岩不具高分异特征来考虑,将其归为高分异Ⅰ型花岗岩更理.La/Sm-La图解显示出,该杂岩体为平衡部分熔融作用所形成,其轻稀土元素富集、Ta-Nb、Ti、Eu、Sr、Ba负异常可能是源区为含角闪石族、金红石、斜长石作为难熔相遗留在残留物中所致.     

砂岩侵入复合体的建筑结构要素及其特征

砂岩侵入复合体是指沉积砂质母岩,在未固结时由于某种机制而积累了异常高压,产生液化、流化、再活动,向上覆细粒沉积物侵入的各种砂体的总和。目前已经在全球50多个深水盆地中(Braccinietal,2008)及所有的年代地层中都发现了从毫米到千米级别的砂岩侵入体。砂岩侵入复合体包含母岩、侵入体系和喷出体系三部分,通过对目前报道的一些砂岩侵入复合体实例分析,对其各建筑要素的外部几何形体和边界特征、内部沉积构造和显微结构进行了总结。不规则的几何形态,突变的边界特征,与液化作用相关的无构造砂岩、碟状构造、管状构造以及独特的泥岩碎屑表现出来的粒序性、条带等沉积构造,形状各异的矿物颗粒以及泥岩碎屑中砂岩裂缝切割等显微结构都可以作为识别砂岩侵入复合体的标准。加强砂岩侵入复合体的研究,为侵入圈闭的勘探和开发提供理论基础。     

Using strain birefringence in diamond to estimate the remnant pressure on an inclusion

Abstract

The Upper Triassic Chang 8 Member, the eighth member of the Yanchang Formation, is a key reservoir interval in the Jiyuan area of the Ordos Basin. The reservoir quality of the Chang 8 Member tight sandstones is extremely heterogeneous owing to the widespread distribution of carbonate cements. The carbonate cements commonly develop near sandstone–mudstone interfaces and gradually decrease away from the interfaces to the centres of the sand bodies. However, the content of carbonate cements (≤6%) has a positive correlation with the visual porosity in the Chang 8 Member sandstone, revealing that the carbonate cements contribute to the compaction resistance and the residual primary pores of reservoirs during the diagenetic process. Three main types of carbonate cement are identified: type I (calcite), type II (calcite and ferrocalcite), and type III (dolomite and ankerite). The type I calcite is characterised by enriched δ¹³C (mean –3.41‰) and δ¹⁸O (mean –15.17‰) values compared with the type II (mean δ¹³C?=?–7.33‰, δ¹⁸O?=?–18.90‰) and type III (mean δ¹³C?=?–10.0‰, δ¹⁸O?=?–20.2‰) cements. Furthermore, the mean δ¹⁸O value (–4.7‰) of the type I pore fluids is 1.5‰ and 0.9‰ lower than the type II (mean –3.2‰) and type III (mean –3.8‰) pore fluids, respectively. This indicates that the evolving pore fluids experienced some relative strong water–rock interactions that provided the original materials (e.g. Ca²⁺, Fe³⁺, and Mg²⁺) for the carbonate cements during the diagenetic process. The highly saline lake water directly provided the primary material for the type I calcite precipitation, which also provided the material necessary for the precipitation of the type II and type III carbonate cements, causing enriched δ¹⁸O values of the pore fluids during the precipitation of the type II and type III carbonate cements. Although the earlier dissolved pores were filled with ferrocalcite, dolomite and ankerite in the middle–late diagenetic stages, some residual pores and fractures remained to become the potential reservoir storage spaces for the oil and gas exploration in the Jiyuan area.