罗布泊地区凝结水对潜卤水资源量评价的影响分析

新疆罗布泊地区属于极端干旱气候地区,大气降水对地下水的补给极其有限,长期以来,众多学者认为凝结水量是罗布泊干盐湖潜卤水的重要补给来源之一。本次通过在罗北凹地地区开展的凝结水试验,较准确地计算了其补给资源量,指出尽管研究区凝结水总生成量较大,但真正能入渗补给到潜卤水饱水带的量却极少,绝大多数凝结水都以难以开发利用的土壤水形式短暂保存,被蒸发散失到大气中,对潜卤水资源量评价影响较小。     

A Study of Surface Humidity Changes in China During the Recent 50 Years

This paper analyzes in detail the characteristics of surface humidity changes in China under the background of global warming in the recent 50 years by using the observation data compiled by the National Meteorological Information Center of China. The results reveal that (1) with the increase of temperature,surface saturation specific humidity (qs) shows basically an exponential growth, according to the Clausius-Clapeyron equation. The nationwide average moistening rate in winter is obviously less than the annual average rate and the summer rate. There are some regional differences in qstrends in different regions of China. For example, qsin central and eastern parts of China exhibits a reducing trend in summer, consistent with the weakening trend of temperature in these areas; (2) except parts of South China and Jianghuai Region in eastern China, unanimously increasing trends of annual and winter specific humidity (q) are found in most of China, especially in western China. In summer, except parts of Northeast China, Northwest China, and some areas over the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, the decreasing and drying trends are significant in most of China, which is not consistent with the global mean situation; (3) the surface relative humidity(RH) in most of China shows a reducing trend. One of the major reasons for the reduction of RH is that the increasing rates of q are smaller than those of qs. Nonetheless, upward trends of RH in central and eastern China mainly due to the cooling temperature and rising q in these regions are observed in summer, leading to more precipitation. From about 2003 or so, qshas remarkably increased while q has sharply decreased in most parts of China; therefore, RH has reduced to a great extent. This may be closely related to the persistent growth of drought areas in China in the recent 10 years.     

Trees, lateral shrinkage and building damage

This article presents the study conducted and the actions taken to stabilise the foundations of 25 low-rise (two/three-storey) buildings in Alcázar de San Juan (Ciudad Real, central Spain). Owing to the immediate attention required, it was decided that the study would focus on procuring a synthetic model that would be able to provide a satisfactory explanation for the tendency of the movements, overlooking the detailed model of each building. This analysis pointed out that the mobilisation was probably due to both the shrinkage caused by the existing trees during the dry-growing seasons, and to the loss of lateral confinement caused by the excavation of a service trench adjacent to the footings of the buildings. In keeping with this mechanism, stabilization was carried out by transplanting the trees growing near the damaged buildings and installing a line of piles to provide lateral support to the footings. The evolution of the damage was therefore stopped.     

应力路径和干湿状态对堆石料颗粒破碎的影响研究

堆石料颗粒破碎是引起高土石坝变形的重要因素。在大坝填筑、蓄水期,堆石料的应力路径和干湿状态均是变化的。通过大型三轴试验,系统地研究了应力路径和干湿状态对堆石料颗粒破碎规律的影响。试验结果表明：（1）相同初始条件下,按不同应力路径达到同一轴向应变停机时测定的颗粒破碎率是不同的,等围压?3试验产生的颗粒破碎最大,等平均主应力p试验的次之,等最大主应力?1试验的最小,但不同应力路径下的颗粒级配演化规律是一致的。（2）相同初始条件下,湿样的颗粒破碎率明显高于干样,且二者的差距随着围压的增大而增大,不同干湿条件下的颗粒级配演化规律同样是一致的。（3）建立的考虑母岩强度的颗粒破碎率与塑性功的关系可以较好地统一描述不同应力路径及干湿状态下的颗粒破碎。该研究成果可为建立复杂应力路径及干湿变化条件下考虑颗粒破碎的堆石料弹塑性本构模型提供依据。     

3D打印技术在岩石物理力学试验中的应用

3D打印技术在岩土工程领域的应用还处于初步探索阶段,但其可重复制造含复杂内部结构的试样是常规室内试验无法实现的。现阶段制约3D打印技术在岩石物理力学试验中应用的主要因素在于3D打印试样强度偏低,延性较强。初步探讨了3D打印后干燥时间、打印胶水浓度对试样强度的影响,在此基础上提出了最优化打印方案,使打印试样在强度和脆性方面均有很大提升;通过改变打印方向模拟了天然层状节理岩石的各向异性特征。研究结果表明,随着打印倾斜角度的增加,3D打印试样的单轴抗压强度先减小后增大,呈"U"型变化趋势,抗拉强度也随打印方向的改变出现明显的各向异性特征,这与天然层状节理岩石相关研究成果相似。研究成果可为3D打印技术在岩土工程领域的推广和室内试验研究提供参考。     

Characterization of Continental Intercalaire aquifer (CI) in the Tinrhert-East Area-Illizi Basin on the Algerian-Libyan Border

This paper addresses the characterization of the Continental Intercalaire aquifer(CI) in the Tinrhert-East area of Illizi Basin on the Algerian-Libyan border, which belongs to the SASS1 system, one of the biggest transboundary aquifers in the world. This study concerns a superficies of 4 300 km~2. On the basis of Mud Logging borehole data conducted in this part of the aquifer, a realistic characterization of the aquifer was done. The thickness of the CI aquifer varies from 300 m in the south to 700 m in the north, and the depth ranges from 180 m to 320 m. The interpretation of the logs showed that the aquifer is characterized by a maximum net thickness in its southwestern part(more than 600 m), the porosity is very high, ranging from 30% in the west to 24% at the Libyan borders, the permeability is low to medium around 10~(-5) m/s, and the maximum transmissivity values of about 8× 10~(-3) m~2/s were recorded at the center of the study area. The depth of water varies from 235 m to 312 m, and the water flows from south to north, in accordance with the general direction observed in the CI aquifer in the Northern Sahara Aquifer System(SASS). The porosity values obtained from the interpretation of the sonic and density logs permit to estimate the water reserves of this aquifer considered fossil, at thresholds much higher than what was considered until now.     

Crack nucleation in saturated porous media

Crack nucleation has been the subject of important contributions in the last two last decades. However, it seems that few attention has been granted to the case of saturated porous media. This is the question addressed in the present paper which is devoted to nucleation in traction mode. From a physical point of view, nucleation is a sudden phenomenon, so that the material response is both adiabatic and undrained. In the spirit of the variational approach, the nucleated crack is viewed as the final state of a region of space in which the material undergoes a full damage process. In traction mode, the opening of a saturated crack in undrained condition induces a drop of fluid pressure. In case of low fluid compressibility, the presence of the fluid delays the brittle failure usually associated with nucleation, as long as the fluid pressure remains above the saturation vapor pressure. Nucleation is therefore possible only if a partial vaporization of the fluid takes place.     

Dynamic responses of unsaturated half‐space soil to a moving harmonic rectangular load

The problem of the dynamic responses of a semi‐infinite unsaturated poroelastic medium subjected to a moving rectangular load is investigated analytical/numerically. The dynamic governing equations are obtained with consideration of the compressibility of solid grain and pore fluid, inertial coupling, and viscous drag as well as capillary pressure in the unsaturated soil, and they can be easily degraded to the complete Biot's theory. Using the Fourier transform, the general solution for the equations is derived in the transformed domain, and then a corresponding boundary value problem is formulated. By introducing fast Fourier transform algorithm, the unsaturated soil vertical displacements, effective stresses, and pore pressures induced by moving load are computed, and some of the calculated results are compared with those for the degenerated solution of saturated soils and confirmed. The influences of the saturation, the load speed, and excitation frequency on the response of the unsaturated half‐space soil are investigated. The numerical results reveal that the effects of these parameters on the dynamic response of the unsaturated soil are significant.     

含流体致密砂岩的纵波频散及衰减:基于双重双重孔隙结构模型描述的特征分析

致密砂岩普遍具有低孔、低渗及微裂缝发育的地质特征,并且呈现出很强的非均匀性.致密砂岩储层与常规砂岩储层比较,具有明显的岩石物理性质、渗流力学性质方面的差异.致密砂岩内部的非均匀性对弹性波频散、衰减有显著影响,其中包括孔隙结构的非均匀性,即岩石内部孔隙参数的不均一性,以及孔隙内部不相混溶流体的非均匀分布;此外,非均匀性的尺度也决定了波出现显著频散与衰减的频段.综合考虑致密砂岩孔隙结构非均匀性及流体斑块状饱和的非均匀性,本文采用双双重孔隙介质结构模拟了致密砂岩的弹性波响应,分析了同时具备两类非均质性岩石中的波传播特征.调查分析了两组分别来自中国鄂尔多斯盆地苏里格气田及四川盆地广安气田的不同类型致密砂岩储层的岩芯超声波实验数据,给出了岩石样本的弹性波速度频散与衰减曲线.结果显示理论模型预测结果与完全饱和、部分饱和岩石的实验数据吻合良好.对两个地区致密砂岩岩芯数据进行对比分析,苏里格致密砂岩样本总体上比广安致密砂岩渗透率高,在各孔隙度范围内,特征模拟显示苏里格样本的裂隙尺寸明显大于广安样本.广安致密砂岩在低孔隙度范围内发育了更多、更小的颗粒裂隙/接触.致密砂岩的速度频散与衰减结果受流体黏度、晶体破裂及流体斑块状饱和的共同影响.此外,孔隙度越大,部分饱和岩石中斑块状饱和机制对总衰减的贡献越低,与之相对,结构非均质性所占的比重则有所增强.