Nonlinear behavior of high-damping rubber bearings under horizontal bidirectional loading: full-scale tests and analytical modeling

Horizontal bidirectional loading tests are conducted for real-sized high-damping rubber (HDR) bearings with diameters of 700 mm (HDR700) and 1300 mm (HDR1300). The hysteresis loops of these bearings under bidirectional horizontal loadings are compared with those under unidirectional loadings. The results show that the bearing force measurement in the primary direction of loading increases when there is displacement in the orthogonal direction. Unusually, the maximum restoring force in the orthogonal direction to the primary loading direction occurs near zero displacement. On the basis of the observations of the restoring forces, a rate-independent model is proposed. This model simulates well the test results under both bidirectional loading and unidirectional loading. It can reproduce the irregular restoring forces characteristics around zero displacement as described above. Bidirectional loading induced twist deformation in the HDR bearings that increased local shear strains. This phenomenon results in an early failure as observed in HDR700. The additional shear strain is estimated based on the twist deformation measured by video image analysis. The comparison of the nominal total shear stress demonstrates that the increase of shear stress because of bidirectional loading occurs when the average shear strain is larger than about 200%. The larger the shear strain, the greater the bidirectional effect. It is shown that the nominal total shear stress of average strain of 350% under bidirectional circular loading pattern is approximately the same as the average shear strain of 400% under unidirectional loading. This means that the average shear strain of 350% under a bidirectional circular loading corresponds to a local shear strain of 400%. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

核电工程应用隔震技术的可行性探讨

本文旨在观察和分析有关基底隔震技术在核电工程中应用的相关问题,重点讨论如何将此类已经相当成熟的技术应用于核电这一类十分特殊、十分重要、十分敏感而又十分复杂的工程中.文中指出隔震技术有很多优点,可以整体改进核电工程的安全性和可靠性,有利于促进未来核电厂设计和建造的标准化,缩短建设时间,降低建厂的初始投资和生命周期中的运行...     

铁路连续梁拱组合桥基于摩擦摆支座的减隔震研究

研究了铁路连续梁拱组合体系桥梁的支座减、隔震设计.针对该桥梁的特点提出了摩擦摆支座减、隔震设计的原则与方法;建立全桥计算模型,采用非线性时程分析方法重点分析了摩擦摆支座的减、隔震效果.结果表明,采用摩擦摆支座可以显著地减小结构顺桥向的最大地震弯矩及拱顶变形,横桥向的减、隔震效果受输入地震动的影响很大.     

不规则框架结构的组合隔震反应分析

为研究不规则框架隔震结构的地震反应,分别对一个传统抗震结构、一个铅芯叠层橡胶支座隔震结构和四个组合隔震结构(隔震层由铅芯支座和滑板支座组成)进行了弹塑性地震反应时程分析,研究隔震支座参数对隔震效果的影响。结果表明:采用组合隔震技术时,合理选择隔震层的铅芯支座布置位置、滑板支座的摩擦系数和铅芯叠层橡胶支座的型号,可以有效地降低上部结构的扭转效应;对于不规则的建筑隔震结构,为减小地面运动带来的扭转效应,建议采用由铅芯支座和滑板支座组合而成的隔震层,可对上部结构的扭转起到很好的抑制作用。     

无填充墙基础隔震RC框架在环境激励下的动力特性

对一基础隔震钢筋混凝土框架结构在无填充墙情况下进行了环境激励下的动力测试,重点利用Hilbert-Huang变换与随机减量技术相结合的方法识别了其模态参数,并与随机子空间识别法、有理分式多项式法识别的结果进行了对比。识别结果表明在环境激励下,基础隔震结构的基本周期远小于多遇和罕遇地震工况下设计计算的基本周期;等效黏滞阻尼比很小,近乎于基础固定模型。对隔震层阻尼特性的分析表明,环境激励下可以将基础隔震结构视为经典的比例阻尼系统。进一步以识别的模态参数为基准,采用优化的方法数值反演了环境激励下该结构隔震层的实际水平等效刚度,结果表明其值为多遇地震下计算刚度取值的10.75倍。     

海湾扇贝与紫扇贝生殖隔离研究

对海湾扇贝(Argopecten irradians)和秘鲁紫扇贝(Argopecten purpuratus)进行了跨种间的杂交尝试,结果显示两个物种之间正向和反向均可受精和正常发育,没有发现合子前隔离,并且通过internal transcribed spacer 1(ITS1)标记验证了杂交的成功.至杂交子一代性成熟时通过对杂合子成熟性腺进行H.E.染色石蜡切片观察发现,雄性性腺明显退化且不能产生有活力的精子,雌性性腺发达且能形成外观正常卵子,但是却不能与亲本进行回交,即表现为典型的合子后隔离:杂种不育.     

中老缅交界地区橡胶种植的时空格局及其地形因素分析

橡胶林地是东南亚地区主要的土地利用类型,动态监测橡胶种植并分析其时空变化规律,对于区域土地资源开发、生态环境保护以及维护边境安全稳定具有重要意义。本文基于遥感技术实地研究了中老缅交界地区1980-2010 年的橡胶林地分布格局及其时空变化规律,定量分析了橡胶林地的分布特征及其地形因素的影响与限制。结果表明:(1) 2010 年中老缅交界地区橡胶林地面积为60.14 万hm²,占土地面积的8.17%,是研究区最大的土地利用类型。就林地结构来看,橡胶成林(≥10 年) 与橡胶幼林(<10 年) 之比大体是5:7,近10 年来橡胶林地扩展迅速。(2) 1980-2010 年中老缅交界地区橡胶林地已由最初的7.05 万hm²增加到60.14 万hm²,扩展近9 倍,橡胶林地扩张显著。橡胶林地已呈现由集中至分散、由边境向国外,“以景洪为中心、北上南进、西拓东扩”的空间分布格局与地域扩展特征。(3) 中老缅交界地区橡胶种植受地形因素制约,橡胶林地4/5 以上集中在600~1000 m适宜区间,很少超过1200 m;近2/3 集中分布在8°~25°的坡地,极少或很少分布在超过35°的急陡坡;主要分布在南坡和东坡,北坡和西坡相对较少,橡胶种植强度也呈现相同规律。(4) 橡胶林地国别对比分析表明,中国境内橡胶林地在向高海拔、陡坡地扩展,老缅境内具有较大地形适宜空间,有利于橡胶种植的跨境发展。(5) 中老缅交界地区的橡胶种植必将由中国向老挝和缅甸跨境发展,老挝和缅甸境内,特别是近中国边境地区的橡胶林地持续扩张已是不可避免。     

模型试验柔性均布压力加载系统研制及其应用

地质力学模型试验均布压力精确加载是保证试验精度的前提。为此研制了一种新型柔性均布压力加载系统,该系统主要包括液压自动控制系统和柔性均布压力加载装置。液压自动控制系统操作方便,可实现计算机自动控制12路压力精确伺服加、卸载和长期稳压。柔性均布压力加载装置由液压油缸、球铰、刚性推力器和柔性传力橡胶垫块等组成,采用数值方法确定柔性橡胶的厚度为50 mm。该系统应用到表面不平的模型加载中并与刚性加载进行了对比。试验结果表明,柔性均布压力加载系统相对于刚性加载效果显著,模型内应力场均匀程度取决于橡胶传力垫块的邵氏硬度、加载应力大小和距表面深度。邵氏硬度小的橡胶柔性加载模型内应力场更均匀;且模型应力场随加载应力增大趋于均匀。模型内应力场距加载表面越远越均匀,柔性加载使距加载表面130 mm以下应力场基本保持均匀状态。试验表明,柔性均布压力加载系统有利于提高模型试验加载精度,具有广泛的应用前景。     

北京不同收入家庭的居住隔离状态研究

利用北京2009 年大规模居民调查问卷数据,以各街区居民为研究对象,根据收入状况将调查人群划分成贫困家庭、工薪家庭和富裕家庭。采用隔离指数分析方法,研究北京47 个街区3 类家庭的居住隔离空间分布状况,运用聚类分析法对隔离度值分类,提取出14 个居住隔离显著的区域进行重点分析。结果表明,三环以内无居住隔离显著区域,居住隔离现象从四环以外开始显著;富裕人群聚集区内居民学历和工作职位都相对较高,大多拥有自购商品房,而贫困人群聚集区内居民学历和工作职位都较低,一般居住在经济适用房和破旧民宅中;贫困、富裕人群聚集区域对于城市基础设施和公共服务设施的数量、质量等方面的占用比例差异很大。     

Field experiment and numerical study on active vibration isolation by horizontal blocks in layered ground under vertical loading

In this paper, a series of field experiments were carried out to investigate the active vibration isolation for a surface foundation using horizontal wave impedance block (WIB) in a multilayered ground under vertical excitations. The velocity amplitude of ground vibration was measured and the root-mean-square (RMS) velocity is used to evaluate the vibration mitigation effect of the WIB. The influences of the size, the embedded depth and the shear modulus of the WIB on the vibration mitigation were also systematically examined under different loading conditions. The experimental results convincingly indicate that WIB is effective to reduce the ground vibration, especially at high excitation frequencies. The vibration mitigation effect of the WIB would be improved when its size and shear modulus increase or the embedded depth decreases. The results also showed that the WIB may amplify rather than reduce the ground vibration when its shear modulus is smaller or the embedded depth is larger than a threshold value. Meanwhile, an improved 3D semi-analytical boundary element method (BEM) combined with a thin layer method (TLM) was proposed to account for the rectangular shape of the used WIB and the laminated characteristics of the actual ground condition in analyzing the vibration mitigation of machine foundations. Comparisons between the field experiments and the numerical analyses were also made to validate the proposed BEM.