基于Landsat和Sentinel-2时间序列影像的海南西部橡胶林龙卷风灾情评估

风害是影响中国天然橡胶产业发展最严重的自然灾害之一,它短时间内对橡胶林造成严重的物理伤害(大量落叶、枝条和主干折断等),严重影响后期生长和产量.传统地面调查虽然精度高,但耗时费力、经济成本高,利用遥感快速评估对指导灾后生产恢复、保险赔付和科学研究等具有重要意义.本研究以2019年8月1912号热带风暴“杨柳”在海南西部...     

中国铅芯夹层橡胶隔震支座各种相关性能及长期性能研究

本文详细地研究了各种相关因素对中国铅芯橡胶隔震支座力学性能的 影响，同时还研究了中国铅芯夹层橡胶隔震支座的长期性能。研究包括竖向压力、频率、剪切变形循环次数、温度对隔震支座刚度及阻尼等力学性能的影响；隔震支座的耐久性能诸如老化及徐变对隔震器刚度、阻尼特性及极限变形能力的影响。研究还包括水平剪切（200次）及竖向低周疲劳（10万次）试验对隔震器力学性能的影响。     

橡胶主产区农户“橡胶依赖”及其影响因素 ——基于西双版纳612份胶农调查数据

基于西双版纳18个样本村、612个农户、跨时6年的面板数据,利用Pearson相关系数测度了2012—2014和2014—2018年2个阶段“投入—产出”结构之间的拟合程度,分析了橡胶主产区农户橡胶依赖的变化情况;并通过构建Tobit模型分析了橡胶路径依赖的核心影响因素。结果表明：1）橡胶主产区的橡胶依赖呈下降趋势。2）橡胶依赖符合自增强机制假设。橡胶产出依赖程度具有传递效应,表明橡胶依赖可以逆势调控,可以利用政策补贴等手段增强投入激励,提高本期橡胶依赖,进而提高下一期橡胶依赖。3）收益递增并不必然导致橡胶依赖。农户更加看重未来的期望收益,提升期望收益才能保障农户种植橡胶的积极性。4）橡胶依赖表现为土地依赖。土地种植橡胶后具备了“专用资产属性”,转变种植结构需要付出较大的时间和资金成本。5）橡胶依赖还表现为海拔依赖。主要供给橡胶的低海拔地区,农户调整橡胶种植规模的时间成本较高海拔地区小,更容易毁弃胶林,应将低海拔地区做为橡胶产业政策的关注点。     

An updated delineation of stand ages of deciduous rubber plantations during 1987-2018 using Landsat-derived bi-temporal thresholds method in an anti-chronological strategy

Timely and accurately monitoring stand ages of deciduous rubber plantations is of great importance for ecological studies and plantations management. The re-establishment of rubber plantations usually experiences a short period (several years) of land clearance and transplantation of rubber seedlings, along with a noticeable landscape change from well-grown forest to bare land and sparse vegetation in situ. With Landsat times series (LTS) data of four commonly-used vegetation indices (VIs), namely the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI), Normalized Difference Moisture Index (NDMI), and Normalized Burn Ratio (NBR), and three non-visible spectral bands, i.e. the near-infrared (NIR) and shortwave-infrared (SWIR1/2), in this study, an approach by combining the inter-annual defoliating and foliating features of rubber trees and the intra-annual landscape changes of rubber plantations was presented to detect and map stand ages of deciduous rubber plantations in an anti-chronological manner across Xishuangbanna between 1987 and 2018, one of the most intensive regions of deciduous rubber plantations within the tropics. The approach highlighted the repeated distribution of newly-cleared and replanted plot (NCRP) of rubber seedlings due to rubber management. It applied the bi-temporal VIs thresholds of zero of NBR and NDMI during the defoliation to foliation phases to delineate the stand ages of deciduous rubber plantations at an interval of five years, by combining a Landsat-based rubber map in 2018 and 32-year NCRPs as well as quadri-classified age-groups and seven sub-categories (i.e. ≤5 as infantile rubber plantations (IRP), 6–10 as young rubber plantations (YRP), 11–15 and 16–20 as mature rubber plantations (MRP), 21–25, 26–30, and ≥31 years as old rubber plantations (ORP)). The results showed that the areas of IRP, YRP, MRP, and ORP were 19.1 km², 817.1 km², 1681.7 km², and 573.7 km² in 2018, respectively. Spatially, the YRP are mainly around the outskirts of two county-level administrative centers (Jinghong and Mengla), while ORP primarily distributed along main roads. Nearly 53.9% of ORP, 51.8% of IRP, 47.3% of MRP and 46.3% of YRP were in Jinghong City, and Mengla County had 50.5% of YRP, 48.8% of MRP, 42.4% of IRP and 36.3% of ORP. This study demonstrates that the bi-temporal VIs thresholds method (i.e. NBR_defoliation <0, NDMI_defoliation <0, NBR_foliation <0, and NDMI_foliation <0) have great potential for detecting stand ages of deciduous rubber plantations.     

低硬度橡胶隔震支座各种相关性及老化徐变特性

作者系统地对低硬度橡胶隔震支座的材料和力学性能进行了试验研究。研究使用的低硬度橡胶隔震支座分18种规格，总计近30个大直径隔震支座。研究内容涉及低硬度橡胶隔震支座的基本力学性能；温度、压力、剪切变形、老化和徐变等相关性；压缩界限，屈曲及极限剪切变形等界限性能以及橡胶材料性能和隔震工程应用等方面。本文主要介绍低硬度橡胶隔震支座的压力、剪切变形、温度对支座刚度、阻尼等力学性能的影响，同时还对隔震支座的老化及徐变特性进行了试验研究，确定低硬度橡胶使用60年后的力学性能变化率。文中同时提出了低硬度橡胶支座的温度修正方程，并提出了隔震结构地震反应分析时支座刚度和屈服荷载变化的取值范围。     

FRP橡胶支座压缩性能分析

将纤维复合材料板(FRP)代替传统板式橡胶支座中的加劲钢板,可以得到一种新型的橡胶支座隔振器,即FRP橡胶支座.文中首先对FRP橡胶支座的概念及特点作了基本介绍,之后,为了了解其在竖向加载情况下的力学性能,为FRP橡胶支座竖向承载力及压缩刚度的设计提供了参考,利用通用有限元程序对FRP橡胶支座进行了有限元数值模拟,对支...     

建筑用低硬度橡胶隔震支座界限性能和屈曲性能研究

本研究系统地对低硬度橡胶隔震支座的材料及力学性能进行了试验研究。研究用低硬度橡胶天然及铅芯橡胶隔震支座18种规格总计近30个大直径隔震支座。研究内容涉及低硬度橡胶隔震支座的基本力学性能，温度、压力、剪切变形、老化及徐变等相关性能，压缩界限、拉伸界限、极限剪切变形等界限性能和屈曲特性，以及橡胶材料性能和隔震工程应用等方面。本文主要介绍低硬度橡胶天然及铅芯隔震支座的压缩、拉伸、剪切等界限性能和屈曲应力与剪切应变的相关特性，文中提出了基于刚度因子建立的橡胶支座的界限压缩和界限拉伸应力评价方程，同时还给出了剪切变形状态下的屈曲应力评价方法。     

Experimental characterization,design and modelling of the RBRL seismic‐isolation system for lightweight structures

The Rolling‐Ball Rubber‐Layer (RBRL) system was developed to enable seismic isolation of lightweight structures, such as special equipment or works of art, and is very versatile, a great range of equivalent natural frequencies and coefficients of damping being achievable through choice of the system parameters. The necessity to have a simple and effective design procedure has led to a new parametric experimentation at Tun Abdul Razak Research Centre (TARRC) on the rolling behaviour of the RBRL system and load–deflection behaviour of the recentering springs. The experimental results, together with theories for the rolling resistance of a loaded steel ball on a thin rubber layer and the lateral load–deflection behaviour of cylindrical rubber springs, are used to develop a general design method for the RBRL system, which allows the system to be tailored to the specific application. Sinusoidal test results are presented for the small‐deflection behaviour of the system, influenced by the presence of a viscoelastic depression on the rubber tracks beneath each ball, and an amplitude‐dependent time‐domain model is proposed, based on these results and on the steady‐state behaviour of the system. The model is validated through comparison with previously performed shaking‐table tests. Attention is here restricted to uniaxial behaviour. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

新型弹塑性软碰撞防护装置试验研究

为限制隔震层位移,研发了同时提供刚度和阻尼力的新型弹塑性软碰撞防护装置,该装置主要由铅芯橡胶支座、剪力键及中空连接钢板组成。首先对铅芯橡胶支座进行了设计压应力12MPa下基本性能试验及压应力0 MPa下剪切试验;然后进行了弹塑性软碰撞防护装置的水平力学性能测试试验,测定装置的屈服后刚度、屈服力及支座顶端转角,探讨了剪力键外圆面罩橡胶套对试验结果的影响,对比分析了装置的水平力学性能指标与支座在0MPa下剪切试验结果的差异;最后,对弹塑性软碰撞防护装置进行了数值模拟,对比了数值模拟与试验的水平力-位移滞回曲线。结果表明:弹塑性软碰撞防护装置可提供刚度及阻尼力,在剪力键外圆面罩上橡胶套后对试验结果基本无影响;与0MPa下支座测试结果相比较,装置的屈服后刚度及屈服力有所降低;支座顶端转角随支座剪应变的增大而增大;数值模拟与试验的滞回曲线吻合良好,该装置具有良好的滞回耗能能力。     

非金属矿物橡塑填料应用现状及发展趋势

介绍了非金属矿物橡塑填料的特点和若干主要非金属矿物作为橡塑填料的应用研究现状,通过应用实例说明了天然矿物作为橡塑填料不仅可以改善橡塑的许多重要性能,而且可降低成本,有重要的应用价值和开发前景;从偶联剂、填料颗粒粒径和形状等方面讨论了目前非金属矿物作为橡塑填料存在的问题和今后发展的趋势。