基于B超成像的泥沙起动流速测量方法

床面上泥沙颗粒的起动测量一直是泥沙运动规律研究的难题。为此,提出了一种基于B超成像技术的泥沙起动流速测量方法。在模型试验水槽中,该方法利用B超仪获取水下地形及其附近粒子的运行图像,通过图像处理技术分析统计床面附近运动粒子的成像光斑个数,并分析其与流速之间的关系。结果表明,B超成像光斑个数在泥沙起动过程中存在一个突变过程,且该突变过程与泥沙起动运动相对应,可用来判定泥沙起动及其对应的起动流速,并利用该流速下的床面地形变化验证了该方法的正确性。该方法具有无扰动无干扰、适合于清水和浑水、易于实现自动化测量的特点。     

毛乌素沙地风沙滩区降水入渗响应研究

为研究毛乌素沙地地下水浅埋区降水入渗补给滞后响应时间,确定补给滞后的影响因素,为该地水文生态保护与地下水资源评价提供科学依据,以陕北毛乌素沙地风沙滩区为研究区,基于原位试验数据和相关分析法,分析土壤含水率和地下水位对降水入渗的响应机制,运用土壤水均衡分析探讨降水入渗响应与各影响因素的关系式。结果表明,小雨型降水土壤含水率响应深度为0~10cm,中雨型为10~90cm,大雨型与暴雨型均>90cm。最大响应深度z与降水量P显著线性相关。在地下水位一定的前提下,随着前期累计降水增大,当前降水入渗响应深度也增大,前期累计降水对当前降水入渗的影响时段在144 h以内。雨后土壤水分与地下水补给均存在滞后。入渗响应滞后时间与土壤深度呈正比,与降水强度和土壤初始导水率的差成反比。     

云南元谋干热河谷造林区植被生长与土壤渗透性的关系

通过云南元谋干热河谷造林区林分生物量及生产力指标与双环入渗试验的土壤入渗性能指标的相关分析，发现乔木生长与土壤渗透性具有显著正相关关系(P＜0.01)，地表枯枝落叶量与土壤渗透性的相关关系也较密切(P＜0.05)，而灌草生长与土壤渗透性无显著相关。研究指出，改善土壤入渗性能的措施，如沿等高线开深沟种植、禁止放牧践踏、保护地表枯枝落叶等均对林木生长有积极的影响。     

增湿条件下膨胀土隧道衬砌破坏数值分析

针对小河沟膨胀土隧道降雨增湿塌方现象,以围岩含水率分布变化引起膨胀应力场为主要研究内容,展开增湿对隧道支护结构的影响研究。首先,利用热传导热能量平衡方程与孔隙渗流连续方程数学描述相似性,推导出热传导膨胀模拟增湿膨胀的替代方程。然后,结合室内试验和文献资料,率定膨胀土膨胀力及渗流参数。最后,在正确考虑地质构造影响的基础上运用有限差分软件FLAC3D热-力耦合模块进行建模计算,分别对不同膨胀力模型的增湿过程进行仿真模拟,得出支护结构受力变形随含水率分布及膨胀力大小的变化规律。分析得到了对隧道支护结构造成不良影响的关键含水率和膨胀力值。研究成果可以有效指导膨胀性黄土隧道支护设计和变形控制。     

无时间差分变量的非饱和土渗透计算

在得出理查兹渗透方程近似精确解基础上，建立无时间差分变量的隐式差分计算格式。在该差分方程中，将渗透深度分为传导渗透与扩散渗透两部分深度。为了减少直接计算岩土含水量系数所产生的误差，将上述的两部分渗透深度函数表达式代入隐式差分格式，在节省大量计算时间的基础上，求得较为精确的计算结果。文中给出了该方法与普通隐式有限差分法对粘土、壤土渗透深度曲线计算结果的对比。     

The effects of typical grass cover combined with biocrusts on slope hydrology and soil erosion during rainstorms on the Loess Plateau of China: An experimental study

Biological soil crust (BSC), as a groundcover, is widely intergrown with grass. The effects of grass combined with BSCs on slope hydrology and soil erosion during rainfall are still unclear. In this study, simulated rainfall experiments were applied to a soil flume with four different slope cover treatments, namely, bare soil (CK), grass cover (GC), BSC, and GC + BSC, to observe the processes of runoff and sediment yield. Additionally, the soil moisture at different depths during infiltration was observed. The results showed that the runoff generated by rainfall for all treatments was in the following order: BSC > GC + BSC > CK > GC. Compared with CK, GC promoted infiltration, and BSC inhibited infiltration. The BSCs obviously inhibited infiltration at a depth of 8 cm. When the rainfall continued to infiltrate down to 16 and 24 cm, the effects of grass on promoting infiltration were stronger than those of BSCs on inhibiting infiltration. Compared with CK, the flow velocity of the BSC, GC and GC + BSC treatments was reduced by 62.8%, 32.3% and 68.3%, respectively. The BSCs and grass increased the critical shear stress by increasing the resistance. Additionally, the average sediment yield of GC and both treatments with BSCs was reduced by 80.8% and >99%, respectively, compared with CK. The soil erosion process was dominated by the soil detachment capacity in the CK, BSC and GC + BSC treatments, while the GC treatment showed a transport-limited process. This study provides a scientific basis for the reasonable spatial allocation of vegetation in arid and semiarid areas and the correction of vegetation cover factors in soil erosion prediction models.